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I Ching · 64 Hexagrams
Zhouyi I Ching hexagram number 19: Lin, Earth over Lake, Kun above Dui below
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Lin: Sublime success; favorable; beneficial to be steadfast. By the eighth month, there will be misfortune.
The Tuan Commentary says: Lin means the firm gradually grows. Joyful and compliant, firmness at the center responds. Great success through correctness is the way of Heaven. By the eighth month there will be misfortune—the decline will not last long.
The Image says: Earth above a lake is Lin. The noble person uses inexhaustible thought to teach and protects the people with boundless capacity.
Hexagram 19 — original text and overview
Detailed explanation of Zhouyi hexagram 19.
Original text of the Lin hexagram
Lin: Sublime success; favorable; beneficial to be steadfast. By the eighth month, there will be misfortune.
The Image says: Earth above a lake is Lin. The noble person uses inexhaustible thought to teach and protects the people with boundless capacity.
Explanation in plain language
The Lin hexagram: Great good fortune and success; a favorable divination. By the eighth month, danger may appear.
The Image Commentary says: The lower trigram is Dui, the lake; the upper trigram is Kun, the earth. A bank rises above the great lake, and rivers and lakes are contained by the earth—this is the image of Lin. The noble person observes this image, approaches all under Heaven as ruler, teaches and transforms the people, extends benevolence with utmost care, and protects and accommodates all people with boundless virtue and achievement.
Explanation from The Heavenly Mechanism of Divining Changes
Lin, with Kun above and Dui below, is the second-generation hexagram of the Kun palace. Dui below means joy; Kun above means compliance. Joyful compliance ensures success.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Those above approach those below and assist one another; remain mindful of danger in safety and cautious at all times.
Those who obtain this hexagram will see good fortune arrive, matters will go as wished, and human relations will harmonize, but they should not advance too hastily.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Like flowing water, good fortune is just arriving.
Finances: Business succeeds; profit can be expected.
Residence: The family enterprise is flourishing; the two families unite harmoniously.
Health: The illness is prolonged but not dangerous.
Traditional interpretation of the hexagram
This is a doubled other hexagram, with Dui below and Kun above. Kun is earth, Dui is lake; the earth is higher than the lake, and the lake is contained by the earth. It symbolizes the ruler personally approaching all under Heaven, governing the country and securing peace, with harmony between above and below.
Great image: Water from a pond irrigates all things on the earth; they support one another and life continues without end.
Fortune: Everything proceeds smoothly, above and below are harmonious, and the future is promising, but do not advance too hastily.
Career: This is an excellent opportunity for success; seize it and do not let it pass. Yet do not be satisfied with this alone, for the favorable timing will disappear quickly. Plan for the long term, summarize experience, unite with others, and open up new fields together.
Business: Things will go very smoothly and bring returns, but always watch market trends, work diligently, prevent unexpected accidents, and handle interpersonal relationships especially well.
Seeking recognition: Your efforts have reached the season of harvest. Be even more humble, demand more of yourself, and cautiously achieve your goal. Unexpected events may arise; face them calmly with a strong will, for excessive weakness will cause you to lose the opportunity.
Romance and marriage: Move forward quickly and give it your all; both parties should treat each other with sincerity for a happy, harmonious outcome.
Decision-making: You are quick-minded, skilled at dealing with others, independent in judgment, and possess leadership ability. Be sure to strengthen your all-round self-cultivation, treat people sincerely, and establish good personal prestige. Above all, have a far-sighted vision and long-term plans; these can ensure a flourishing career and a bright future.
The philosophical meaning of the nineteenth hexagram
The image of Lin, and the symbolic meaning of Earth over Lake Lin
Earth over Lake Lin is composed of Dui and Kun, with Dui below and Kun above. Dui represents joy and symbolizes a lake; Kun represents compliance and symbolizes earth. Earth above and lake below symbolize the earth supervising the lake from above. Earth pressing upon the lake resembles a superior imposing pressure on subordinates and forcibly implementing its will. The hexagram is named Lin, whose original meaning is to look down from above. Its meaning is leadership and management by superiors over subordinates. Supervising, facing, and approaching, depending on the object approached, include multiple meanings such as a ruler approaching the people and oneself approaching affairs. How to correctly handle the relationship between self and others, subject and object, is the theme discussed by Lin. The Image explains Lin this way: Earth above a lake is Lin; the noble person uses inexhaustible thought to teach and protects the people with boundless capacity.
The meaning of this passage in the Image of Earth over Lake Lin is: The image of Lin is Dui (lake) below and Kun (earth) above, the appearance of earth above a lake. Earth above a lake, high and overlooking below, symbolizes supervision. The noble person is inspired by this, exhausts thought to teach the people, and uses boundless abundant virtue to protect them.
Earth over Lake Lin takes as its image the earth adjoining and exchanging breath with lake water. It shows ruler and people living peacefully together, the ruler drawing close to the people and the people rejoicing in the ruler. This hexagram signifies both a leader personally approaching subordinates and subordinates respectfully welcoming the leader. Lin teaches the principles of educating and protecting the people and is a middle-superior hexagram. The Image judges it this way: When the ruler lacks the Way, the people hang upside down; they constantly hope to clear the clouds and see the blue sky. Fortunately, they meet an enlightened ruler who practices benevolent government, and once again live peacefully and naturally.
The diagram of Earth over Lake Lin has two yang lines below and four yin lines above.
Analyzing the Earth over Marsh approach hexagram from its image, the two yang lines below represent the gradual strengthening of yang energy, and may also be extended to mean the growth of vital righteousness. The Approach hexagram is one of the Twelve Progression hexagrams, and the solar term it represents is Major Cold. Its six lines represent the more than thirty days from Minor Cold to the Beginning of Spring. Five days make one pentad, and one line represents one pentad. At this time, the hexagram image already has two yang lines, indicating that yang energy is gradually becoming stronger. Therefore, the Approach hexagram also carries the meaning of expansion and strengthening. In addition, its upper trigram is Kun, representing earth, and its lower trigram is Dui, representing marsh; thus, earth above a marsh is the image of the Approach hexagram. What does “earth above a marsh” mean? It means that beyond the marsh lies boundless land, and the land is higher than the marsh, hence the phrase “earth above a marsh.” Standing on the land beside the marsh and looking into it—this is approach. Clearly, the meaning of the hexagram image is fairly consistent with the meaning of its name.
Original text of the Lin hexagram
Lin: Sublime success; favorable; beneficial to be steadfast. By the eighth month, there will be misfortune.
The Image says: Earth above a lake is Lin. The noble person uses inexhaustible thought to teach and protects the people with boundless capacity.
Explanation in plain language
The Lin hexagram: Great good fortune and success; a favorable divination. By the eighth month, danger may appear.
The Image Commentary says: The lower trigram is Dui, the lake; the upper trigram is Kun, the earth. A bank rises above the great lake, and rivers and lakes are contained by the earth—this is the image of Lin. The noble person observes this image, approaches all under Heaven as ruler, teaches and transforms the people, extends benevolence with utmost care, and protects and accommodates all people with boundless virtue and achievement.
Explanation from The Heavenly Mechanism of Divining Changes
Lin, with Kun above and Dui below, is the second-generation hexagram of the Kun palace. Dui below means joy; Kun above means compliance. Joyful compliance ensures success.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Those above approach those below and assist one another; remain mindful of danger in safety and cautious at all times.
Those who obtain this hexagram will see good fortune arrive, matters will go as wished, and human relations will harmonize, but they should not advance too hastily.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Like flowing water, good fortune is just arriving.
Finances: Business succeeds; profit can be expected.
Residence: The family enterprise is flourishing; the two families unite harmoniously.
Health: The illness is prolonged but not dangerous.
Traditional interpretation of the hexagram
This is a doubled other hexagram, with Dui below and Kun above. Kun is earth, Dui is lake; the earth is higher than the lake, and the lake is contained by the earth. It symbolizes the ruler personally approaching all under Heaven, governing the country and securing peace, with harmony between above and below.
Great image: Water from a pond irrigates all things on the earth; they support one another and life continues without end.
Fortune: Everything proceeds smoothly, above and below are harmonious, and the future is promising, but do not advance too hastily.
Career: This is an excellent opportunity for success; seize it and do not let it pass. Yet do not be satisfied with this alone, for the favorable timing will disappear quickly. Plan for the long term, summarize experience, unite with others, and open up new fields together.
Business: Things will go very smoothly and bring returns, but always watch market trends, work diligently, prevent unexpected accidents, and handle interpersonal relationships especially well.
Seeking recognition: Your efforts have reached the season of harvest. Be even more humble, demand more of yourself, and cautiously achieve your goal. Unexpected events may arise; face them calmly with a strong will, for excessive weakness will cause you to lose the opportunity.
Romance and marriage: Move forward quickly and give it your all; both parties should treat each other with sincerity for a happy, harmonious outcome.
Decision-making: You are quick-minded, skilled at dealing with others, independent in judgment, and possess leadership ability. Be sure to strengthen your all-round self-cultivation, treat people sincerely, and establish good personal prestige. Above all, have a far-sighted vision and long-term plans; these can ensure a flourishing career and a bright future.
The philosophical meaning of the nineteenth hexagram
The image of Lin, and the symbolic meaning of Earth over Lake Lin
Earth over Lake Lin is composed of Dui and Kun, with Dui below and Kun above. Dui represents joy and symbolizes a lake; Kun represents compliance and symbolizes earth. Earth above and lake below symbolize the earth supervising the lake from above. Earth pressing upon the lake resembles a superior imposing pressure on subordinates and forcibly implementing its will. The hexagram is named Lin, whose original meaning is to look down from above. Its meaning is leadership and management by superiors over subordinates. Supervising, facing, and approaching, depending on the object approached, include multiple meanings such as a ruler approaching the people and oneself approaching affairs. How to correctly handle the relationship between self and others, subject and object, is the theme discussed by Lin. The Image explains Lin this way: Earth above a lake is Lin; the noble person uses inexhaustible thought to teach and protects the people with boundless capacity.
The meaning of this passage in the Image of Earth over Lake Lin is: The image of Lin is Dui (lake) below and Kun (earth) above, the appearance of earth above a lake. Earth above a lake, high and overlooking below, symbolizes supervision. The noble person is inspired by this, exhausts thought to teach the people, and uses boundless abundant virtue to protect them.
Earth over Lake Lin takes as its image the earth adjoining and exchanging breath with lake water. It shows ruler and people living peacefully together, the ruler drawing close to the people and the people rejoicing in the ruler. This hexagram signifies both a leader personally approaching subordinates and subordinates respectfully welcoming the leader. Lin teaches the principles of educating and protecting the people and is a middle-superior hexagram. The Image judges it this way: When the ruler lacks the Way, the people hang upside down; they constantly hope to clear the clouds and see the blue sky. Fortunately, they meet an enlightened ruler who practices benevolent government, and once again live peacefully and naturally.
The diagram of Earth over Lake Lin has two yang lines below and four yin lines above.
Analyzing the Earth over Marsh approach hexagram from its image, the two yang lines below represent the gradual strengthening of yang energy, and may also be extended to mean the growth of vital righteousness. The Approach hexagram is one of the Twelve Progression hexagrams, and the solar term it represents is Major Cold. Its six lines represent the more than thirty days from Minor Cold to the Beginning of Spring. Five days make one pentad, and one line represents one pentad. At this time, the hexagram image already has two yang lines, indicating that yang energy is gradually becoming stronger. Therefore, the Approach hexagram also carries the meaning of expansion and strengthening. In addition, its upper trigram is Kun, representing earth, and its lower trigram is Dui, representing marsh; thus, earth above a marsh is the image of the Approach hexagram. What does “earth above a marsh” mean? It means that beyond the marsh lies boundless land, and the land is higher than the marsh, hence the phrase “earth above a marsh.” Standing on the land beside the marsh and looking into it—this is approach. Clearly, the meaning of the hexagram image is fairly consistent with the meaning of its name.
Hexagram 19 — line-by-line explanation
Detailed explanation of the Initial Nine line of Zhouyi hexagram 19.
Statement of the First Nine line
Initial Nine. Sincere approach; steadfastness is auspicious.
The Image says: Sincere approach and steadfastness are auspicious because one’s aspiration and conduct are upright.
Explanation in plain language
Initial Nine: Govern the people through a policy of transformation by influence; divination brings an auspicious sign.
The Image Commentary says: Governing the people through influence and transformation, with a proper way of rule, is naturally auspicious because one’s intentions are upright and one’s conduct is honorable.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good fortune: Those who obtain this line will encounter good luck and succeed in their undertakings. Officials will gain public support and may be promoted. Scholars taking examinations will surely achieve excellent results.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Good fortune is just beginning; steadfastness brings great auspiciousness.
Finances: Launch new goods and profit will naturally follow.
Residence: Auspicious events approach the door; a good match can be formed.
Health: An illness at its beginning can be cured.
Transformation of the First Nine line
!["周易第19卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_19_1.png)
When the Initial Nine line moves, it becomes hexagram number 7 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Water, Shi. This is a doubled other hexagram, with Kan below and Kun above. “Shi” means an army. Kan is water and danger; Kun is earth and compliance, symbolizing keeping troops among farmers. War is dangerous and using force is something the sages do only as a last resort. Yet it can resolve contradictions smoothly because it follows circumstances and the army has a just cause, thereby transforming danger into good fortune.
Philosophical meaning of the First Nine line
The first line of Lin, line statement: Initial Nine: Sincere approach; steadfastness is auspicious. Explanation of the line statement.
Xian means unintentional feeling: sincerity arising from the heart, a selfless, unbiased meeting and contact, without affectation or show.
The meaning of this line is: Approach all the people with a heart of transformation by influence and receive good fortune.
The Image says: “Sincere approach; steadfastness is auspicious” means that one’s aspiration and conduct are upright. The meaning is: Approaching all the people with a heart of transformation by influence and carrying out the duty of leadership and supervision brings good fortune because both aspiration and conduct are honorable, free of selfish motives, distractions, show, or ostentation.
Those who obtain this line may go to inspect work at a subordinate department or unit. Remember, however, that you must sincerely make the work your starting point, approach subordinates without selfish bias, and act with heartfelt sincerity. Do not merely put on an appearance, go through formalities, or adopt an imperious posture toward subordinates; that would harm you. Govern the people or subordinates through influence and transformation, and persist on the right path to obtain good fortune.
Initial Nine is at the very bottom of society, yet it can feel the inspection of people above. Therefore it must keep to the right path to be auspicious. As a yang line in an odd position, Initial Nine is properly placed, showing that it can keep to its duties, do what belongs to it, and thereby gain the leader’s appreciation.
Detailed explanation of the Nine in the second place of Zhouyi hexagram 19.
Statement of the Second Nine line
Nine in the second place. Sincere approach; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable.
The Image says: Sincere approach is auspicious and nothing is unfavorable, but the people have not yet followed the command.
Explanation in plain language
Nine in the second place: Govern the people with a gentle policy; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable.
The Image Commentary says: Govern the people with a gentle policy; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable, because the people have not yet been fully trained to obey.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good fortune: Those who obtain this line will profit from their undertakings, but should recognize the right moment; otherwise they will fail to accomplish matters, leaving a flaw amid the good. Officials will be upright and honorable, with elevated status.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: A noble person lends assistance; fortune is at its best.
Finances: Repeatedly manage the business and still profit.
Residence: A lucky star shines brightly; marriage is also auspicious.
Health: There is no serious problem; the lawsuit remains unresolved.
Transformation of the Second Nine line
!["周易第19卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_19_2.png)
When the Nine in the second place moves, it becomes hexagram number 24 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Thunder, Fu. This is a doubled other hexagram, with Zhen below and Kun above. Zhen is thunder and movement; Kun is earth and compliance. Movement within compliance means following nature. Movement occurs within compliance, with yang inside and yin outside, moving in sequence and advancing or retreating freely, which is favorable for progress.
Philosophical meaning of the Second Nine line
The second line of Lin, line statement: Nine in the second place: Sincere approach; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable. Explanation of the line statement.
This line has a meaning similar to Initial Nine: Approach all the people with a heart of transformation by influence and receive good fortune, with nothing unfavorable.
The Image says: “Sincere approach; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable,” because the command has not yet been followed. The Image analyzes this line and holds that approaching all the people with a heart of transformation by influence is auspicious and has nothing unfavorable.
From the hexagram image, Nine in the second place is a yang line in a firm position, possessing the yang line’s decisiveness and boldness in action. It corresponds above with Six in the fifth place, which is a yin line occupying the ruler’s position and is improperly placed. Both Nine in the second place and Six in the second place are improperly placed, showing that Nine in the second place disagrees with Six in the fifth place and does not follow its command. Yet this is not inauspicious, because Nine in the second place has no selfish motive and treats the people with humility, gentleness, and compliance.
Those who obtain this line should act with sincere intent, treat others with a humble, gentle, compliant attitude, and hold to the right path. Even if they violate a superior’s order, no unfavorable result will arise.
Nine in the second place is the position of a minister. As a yang line in an even position, it is improperly placed, but it can remain centered. By acting according to the middle and upright way, it naturally receives praise from above. It corresponds with Six in the fifth place, the ruler; every move can win the ruler’s appreciation, so how could there be unfavorable factors? If it performs well, it receives the ruler’s praise, and Nine in the second place naturally performs even better.
Detailed explanation of the Nine in the third place of Zhouyi hexagram 19.
Six in the third place line statement
Six in the third place. Sweet approach; nothing is beneficial. If one becomes concerned about it, there is no blame.
The Image says: Sweet approach means the position is inappropriate. If one becomes concerned about it, the blame will not last.
Explanation in plain language
Six in the third place: Govern the people through coercive policies; there is no benefit. If there is regret and concern, calamity can be removed.
The Image Commentary says: Governing the people through coercive policies is like Six in the third place, a yin line improperly occupying a yang position; such a ruler is not a competent sovereign. If there is regret and concern, the calamity can be removed.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Misfortune: Those who obtain this line will have worries and suffer hardship and exhaustion. Officials will be attacked by slanderers and be unable to fulfill their aspirations.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Recognize regret and correct yourself; later fortune can be expected.
Finances: The sugar business is profitable; other businesses may not be.
Residence: Relocation is advisable; the marriage is incompatible.
Health: The medicine does not match the condition; bitter and pungent remedies may be taken.
Six in the third place changing hexagram
!["周易第19卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_19_3.png)
When the sixth line at the third place changes, it becomes hexagram 11 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Heaven, Peace. This hexagram consists of two different trigrams, with Qian below and Kun above. Qian represents Heaven and yang; Kun represents Earth and yin. Yin and yang respond to each other, the upper and lower communicate, Heaven and Earth unite, and the myriad things flourish in profusion. Conversely, the result is inauspicious: all affairs and things stand in opposition and transform; when prosperity reaches its height, decline must follow, and after decline comes a turn toward prosperity. Therefore, whoever changes in accordance with the times achieves Peace, meaning free communication.
The philosophical meaning of the line of Nine in the third place
The third line of Lin, line statement: Six in the third place: Sweet approach; nothing is beneficial. If one has already become concerned about it, there is no blame. Explanation of the line statement.
Gan means sweet words. You means reflection and regret.
The meaning of this line statement is: Supervising from a high position through sweet words will bring no benefit; however, if one has recognized one’s fault and can feel concern and correct it, no calamity will result.
The Image analyzes this line as follows: “Sweet approach” means the position is inappropriate. “Having become concerned about it,” the blame will not last. The Image points out that supervising from a high position through sweet words is due to Six in the third place being improperly positioned. But once one awakens, becomes concerned, and corrects one’s faults, the harm will not last long. From the hexagram image, Six in the third place is a yin line in a firm position, improperly placed, and at the top of the lower trigram, far from the center, unable to maintain the middle way. It governs the people through flowery words, speaking without acting and being skilled at putting on a show.
Those who obtain this line, if they are leaders, should reflect on their attitude toward subordinates. Do they always use sweet words to win them over, make empty promises, and fail to fulfill them? If so, they must correct this immediately, do less of what is clever and sycophantic, reform their faults, and move toward goodness; only then will there be no obstruction.
The meaning of the text is: Treat those who come with sweetness; going and coming brings no benefit. If one can be concerned about the situation, there will be no calamity. The Image says: Treating those who come with sweetness is due to being in an inappropriate position. If one can be concerned about this situation, the calamity will not last long.
Line Six in the third place is at the very top of the lower Dui Trigram, so it has the image of joy and, being above two yang lines, will receive benefit. Yet although its authority exceeds that of the two yang lines, it cannot gain the appreciation of those above, hence “nothing is beneficial.” A yin line in the third place occupies a yang position and is not central, so its situation is unfavorable. However, it can detect the hidden danger in this situation, remain mindful of potential trouble, and seek a solution; therefore, there will be no calamity.
Detailed explanation of the line at Nine Four of Zhouyi Hexagram 19
Six in the fourth place line statement
Six in the fourth place. Supreme approach. No blame.
The Image says: Supreme approach has no blame because the position is appropriate.
Explanation in plain language
Six in the fourth place: Personally governing the state and caring for the people brings no harm.
The Commentary on the Image says: Personally governing the state and caring for the people brings no harm, just as the yin line Six in the fourth place occupies a yin position. Such a ruler is a competent ruler.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Moderate: Those who obtain this line will enjoy harmony in human relationships and profit in their undertakings. Those who wish to accomplish great things must act cautiously, prepare well, and then advance. Officials will receive help from their colleagues.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Good fortune has arrived; there is good fortune and no misfortune.
Finances: Buying and selling at the right time brings benefit wherever you go.
Home: The family enterprise is flourishing; marriage is suitable.
Health: There is a dangerous tendency, but recovery is still possible.
Six in the fourth place changing hexagram
!["周易第19卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_19_4.png)
When the line Six in the fourth place changes, it becomes Zhouyi Hexagram 54: Thunder over Lake, Returning Maiden. This is a contrasting hexagram, with Dui below and Zhen above, repeated. Zhen means movement and the eldest son; Dui means joy and the young woman. When a young woman follows the eldest son, feelings of admiration arise, bringing movement toward marriage and the image of a daughter marrying out; hence it is called Returning Maiden.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fourth place line
The fourth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six in the fourth place: Supreme approach. No blame. Explanation of the line statement: Supreme approach means personally handling affairs of state. The meaning of this line is: Personally handling affairs of state brings no calamity.
The fourth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six in the fourth place: Supreme approach. No blame. Life guidance
From the hexagram image, Six in the fourth place is a yin line in a yielding position, properly placed, with the qualities of humility and gentleness. The fourth line is the position of a minister close to the ruler and is the assistant of Six in the fifth place in the upper trigram. Six in the fourth place is next to Six in the fifth place and corresponds with Nine at the beginning. As a minister close to the ruler, it can uphold the right path and remain loyal to its duties above, while responding to the worthy person below, Initial Nine, and strongly recommending such useful people. Initial Nine is yang and Six in the fourth place is yin. Clearly, if Initial Nine gains power, Six in the fourth place will be affected: yang grows while yin declines. Yet Six in the fourth place disregards its own interests and recommends worthy people to the leader, so there is no calamity.
The Image analyzes this line as follows: “Supreme approach. No blame”—the position is appropriate.
The Image explains: “Personally handling affairs of state brings no calamity” because the position of Six in the fourth place is appropriate. In a high position, one must not deceive the ruler above or oppress the people below; one must work diligently and actively recommend capable people, making way for rising talents. Those who act this way will earn praise. A similar example from the Spring and Autumn period is Bao Shuya, teacher of Duke Huan of Qi. As a minister close to the ruler, he devoted himself to Duke Huan while recommending capable people to him. At his urging, Duke Huan appointed Guan Zhong, his former enemy who had once shot at him, as chief minister. With Guan Zhong’s assistance, he established his position as hegemon. Bao Shuya disregarded his own fame and gain, yielding his position to the worthy, and was praised by the people.
Those who obtain this line should learn from Bao Shuya’s conduct. Even if they suffer some loss or grievance for a time, in the end they will gain both reputation and benefit.
Six in the fourth place is the position of a feudal lord, yet it corresponds with Initial Nine, so it is called “supreme approach.” In other words, Six in the fourth place understands the people’s circumstances, goes deep into the lowest levels, and connects heart to heart with the people below; this kind of inspection is “supreme approach.” It is rare and valuable for a leader to achieve this, so how could there be calamity?
Detailed explanation of the line at Nine Five of Zhouyi Hexagram 19
Six in the fifth place line statement
Six in the fifth place. Wise approach. Appropriate for a great ruler. Good fortune.
The Image says: “Appropriate for a great ruler” means acting according to the mean.
Explanation in plain language
Six in the fifth place: Governing the people with wisdom and embodying the proper way of a ruler naturally brings good fortune.
The Commentary on the Image says: Embodying the proper way of a ruler is because Six in the fifth place occupies the central position of the upper trigram, like a person acting according to the balanced and upright way.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good: Those who obtain this line will have everything go as they wish. Officials will win the appreciation of their superiors.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: It is the right time for good fortune, and there is also help from others.
Finances: Understanding the market situation naturally brings benefit.
Home: The five blessings enter the household; the home and marriage are harmonious.
Health: With a good physician’s treatment, recovery will naturally follow.
Six in the fifth place changing hexagram
!["周易第19卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_19_5.png)
When the line Six in the fifth place changes, it becomes Zhouyi Hexagram 60: Water over Lake, Limitation. This is a contrasting hexagram, with Dui below and Kan above, repeated. Dui is the lake and Kan is water. A lake has a limited capacity for water; too much will overflow beyond it. Therefore there must be restraint, hence the name Limitation. The Limitation hexagram is opposite to Dispersion and they are related as inverted hexagrams, used in alternation. Heaven and earth can remain ever-new only through restraint; a state can remain stable only through restraint; an individual can become complete only through restraint.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fifth place line
The fifth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six in the fifth place: Wise approach. Appropriate for a great ruler. Good fortune. Explanation of the line statement: “Wise” means intelligent and wise.
The meaning of this line is: Exercising supervision through intelligence and wisdom is the most suitable way for a great ruler to govern, and it can bring good fortune.
The fifth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six in the fifth place: Wise approach. Appropriate for a great ruler. Good fortune. Life guidance
The Image says: “Appropriate for a great ruler” means acting according to the mean. Six in the fifth place is a yielding line in the central position of the upper trigram, a ruler endowed with the virtue of loyalty and compliance. The Image explains: “Exercising supervision through intelligence and wisdom is the most suitable way for a great ruler to govern.” This means following the middle way and using softness to overcome hardness—using what is most yielding in the world to overcome what is most hard.
Those who obtain this line should learn from the conduct of Six in the fifth place. Even if their career has encountered setbacks, acting this way can rescue it from danger and restore its vitality. Those who obtain this line will achieve something in their plans and will soon receive a response to the news they await.
Using wisdom to understand the people’s circumstances is precisely a skill an emperor must master. Six in the fifth place uses wisdom to understand the people and can obtain the true situation, so it is auspicious. As a ruler, one must understand one’s subjects. On the two Huabiao columns at Tiananmen, there are two small beasts; one beast’s head faces south, while the other faces north. This is the difference between the two columns. Is there an explanation? Yes. The beast facing south warns the ruler not to forget to go among the people regularly to understand their circumstances. Why do this? Because ministers may embellish the appearance of peace and prosperity and tell the ruler lies. For example, after Yuan Shikai became emperor, the whole country resounded with opposition. To please Yuan Shikai, some ministers had a newspaper printed specially for him. It printed only one copy each day, for Yuan Shikai alone to read. It was filled with statements that everything was in excellent shape, making him happy. As a result, eighty-one days after ascending the throne, he was driven from the imperial seat. Thus a ruler must use his own eyes to see how the people live. During the prosperous Qing period, Kangxi and Qianlong repeatedly visited Jiangnan; these were inspection tours to understand the people’s circumstances. The beast facing north on the Tiananmen Huabiao warns the ruler not to forget the security of state affairs while touring and enjoying himself outside. What if a treacherous minister rebels while the ruler is always away inspecting? Therefore, a ruler should not tour for too long and must return to consolidate his power.
But as a ruler, one cannot stay away for a long time; how then can one grasp the true state of the people? This requires “wise approach.” How does one practice “wise approach”? The undercover visits by Kangxi and Qianlong shown on television are “wise approach.” Apart from undercover visits, one can also obtain accurate information by having loyal ministers conduct inspections. But the key is “wisdom”: only with wisdom can one achieve true approach.
Detailed explanation of the line at Upper Six of Zhouyi Hexagram 19
Upper Six line statement
Six at the top. Sincere approach. Good fortune. No blame.
The Image says: The good fortune of sincere approach lies in having one’s intent directed inward.
Explanation in plain language
Six at the top: Governing the people through sincerity and honesty brings good fortune and naturally prevents calamity.
The Commentary on the Image says: Governing the people through sincerity and honesty brings good fortune because the intention of sincerity and honesty is held within the heart.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good: Those who obtain this line will often gain profit and meet no disadvantage wherever they go, but must guard against excessive momentum turning into decline. Officials will win the esteem of their superiors and be entrusted with important responsibilities.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Good fortune has come to an end; sincerity and honesty bring no blame.
Finances: Selling goods inland still brings some profit.
Home: Sincere and solemn.
Health: Nourish your vital energy and health will naturally follow.
Upper Six changing hexagram
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When the top Six line changes, it becomes Zhouyi Hexagram 41: Mountain over Lake, Decrease. This is a contrasting hexagram, with Dui below and Gen above, repeated. Gen is the mountain; Dui is the lake. The lake below the mountain erodes the mountain’s base. Decrease and increase alternate: benefit exists within decrease, and decrease within benefit. One must treat the relationship between them with great care. Reducing below to increase above, as in governing a state, can excessively damage the foundations of the state. When reduction is necessary, reduce, but always according to one’s capacity and with moderation. The best is to reduce little and increase benefit.
Philosophical meaning of the Upper Nine line
The sixth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six at the top: Sincere approach. Good fortune. No blame. Explanation of the line statement: “Sincere” means thick-hearted and honest.
The meaning of this line is: Governing the people through sincerity and honesty brings good fortune and no calamity.
Line statement: Six at the top: Sincere approach. Good fortune. No blame. Life guidance
The Image says: “The good fortune of sincere approach” lies in having one’s intent directed inward.
The Image explains: “Governing the people through sincerity and honesty brings good fortune and no calamity.” This shows that one’s intent is to benefit the state and the family. Those who obtain this line should remember above all to be sincere and kind; this is its main lesson. In work and life, accept all kinds of opinions generously, including criticism. The generous manner of an elder will win people’s respect. Toward subordinates, display the virtue of sincerity and kindness; only then can you gain good fortune and stay far from calamity.
Six at the top occupies the position of a retired emperor, naturally losing some of the majesty of a ruler. Therefore, when inspecting the people, it must do so with a sincere and kind temperament. In ancient times, the realm belonged to the ruling family, so even a retired emperor had to contribute to peace throughout the realm. By living peacefully with the people, he could obtain genuine information about their circumstances and then help the emperor plan policies for governing the realm.
Six at the top also belongs to the class of recluses. In ancient times, recluses made a great contribution to society. They appeared to live in seclusion in the mountains and forests, but in reality their hearts were devoted to the state. Because they had neither status nor power, they were better able to understand the people’s genuine inner thoughts. Recluses also often had some contact with rulers, who valued this class highly, so recluses frequently offered rulers valuable advice on governing the realm.
Statement of the First Nine line
Initial Nine. Sincere approach; steadfastness is auspicious.
The Image says: Sincere approach and steadfastness are auspicious because one’s aspiration and conduct are upright.
Explanation in plain language
Initial Nine: Govern the people through a policy of transformation by influence; divination brings an auspicious sign.
The Image Commentary says: Governing the people through influence and transformation, with a proper way of rule, is naturally auspicious because one’s intentions are upright and one’s conduct is honorable.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good fortune: Those who obtain this line will encounter good luck and succeed in their undertakings. Officials will gain public support and may be promoted. Scholars taking examinations will surely achieve excellent results.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Good fortune is just beginning; steadfastness brings great auspiciousness.
Finances: Launch new goods and profit will naturally follow.
Residence: Auspicious events approach the door; a good match can be formed.
Health: An illness at its beginning can be cured.
Transformation of the First Nine line
When the Initial Nine line moves, it becomes hexagram number 7 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Water, Shi. This is a doubled other hexagram, with Kan below and Kun above. “Shi” means an army. Kan is water and danger; Kun is earth and compliance, symbolizing keeping troops among farmers. War is dangerous and using force is something the sages do only as a last resort. Yet it can resolve contradictions smoothly because it follows circumstances and the army has a just cause, thereby transforming danger into good fortune.
Philosophical meaning of the First Nine line
The first line of Lin, line statement: Initial Nine: Sincere approach; steadfastness is auspicious. Explanation of the line statement.
Xian means unintentional feeling: sincerity arising from the heart, a selfless, unbiased meeting and contact, without affectation or show.
The meaning of this line is: Approach all the people with a heart of transformation by influence and receive good fortune.
The Image says: “Sincere approach; steadfastness is auspicious” means that one’s aspiration and conduct are upright. The meaning is: Approaching all the people with a heart of transformation by influence and carrying out the duty of leadership and supervision brings good fortune because both aspiration and conduct are honorable, free of selfish motives, distractions, show, or ostentation.
Those who obtain this line may go to inspect work at a subordinate department or unit. Remember, however, that you must sincerely make the work your starting point, approach subordinates without selfish bias, and act with heartfelt sincerity. Do not merely put on an appearance, go through formalities, or adopt an imperious posture toward subordinates; that would harm you. Govern the people or subordinates through influence and transformation, and persist on the right path to obtain good fortune.
Initial Nine is at the very bottom of society, yet it can feel the inspection of people above. Therefore it must keep to the right path to be auspicious. As a yang line in an odd position, Initial Nine is properly placed, showing that it can keep to its duties, do what belongs to it, and thereby gain the leader’s appreciation.
Detailed explanation of the Nine in the second place of Zhouyi hexagram 19.
Statement of the Second Nine line
Nine in the second place. Sincere approach; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable.
The Image says: Sincere approach is auspicious and nothing is unfavorable, but the people have not yet followed the command.
Explanation in plain language
Nine in the second place: Govern the people with a gentle policy; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable.
The Image Commentary says: Govern the people with a gentle policy; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable, because the people have not yet been fully trained to obey.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good fortune: Those who obtain this line will profit from their undertakings, but should recognize the right moment; otherwise they will fail to accomplish matters, leaving a flaw amid the good. Officials will be upright and honorable, with elevated status.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: A noble person lends assistance; fortune is at its best.
Finances: Repeatedly manage the business and still profit.
Residence: A lucky star shines brightly; marriage is also auspicious.
Health: There is no serious problem; the lawsuit remains unresolved.
Transformation of the Second Nine line
When the Nine in the second place moves, it becomes hexagram number 24 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Thunder, Fu. This is a doubled other hexagram, with Zhen below and Kun above. Zhen is thunder and movement; Kun is earth and compliance. Movement within compliance means following nature. Movement occurs within compliance, with yang inside and yin outside, moving in sequence and advancing or retreating freely, which is favorable for progress.
Philosophical meaning of the Second Nine line
The second line of Lin, line statement: Nine in the second place: Sincere approach; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable. Explanation of the line statement.
This line has a meaning similar to Initial Nine: Approach all the people with a heart of transformation by influence and receive good fortune, with nothing unfavorable.
The Image says: “Sincere approach; auspicious, with nothing unfavorable,” because the command has not yet been followed. The Image analyzes this line and holds that approaching all the people with a heart of transformation by influence is auspicious and has nothing unfavorable.
From the hexagram image, Nine in the second place is a yang line in a firm position, possessing the yang line’s decisiveness and boldness in action. It corresponds above with Six in the fifth place, which is a yin line occupying the ruler’s position and is improperly placed. Both Nine in the second place and Six in the second place are improperly placed, showing that Nine in the second place disagrees with Six in the fifth place and does not follow its command. Yet this is not inauspicious, because Nine in the second place has no selfish motive and treats the people with humility, gentleness, and compliance.
Those who obtain this line should act with sincere intent, treat others with a humble, gentle, compliant attitude, and hold to the right path. Even if they violate a superior’s order, no unfavorable result will arise.
Nine in the second place is the position of a minister. As a yang line in an even position, it is improperly placed, but it can remain centered. By acting according to the middle and upright way, it naturally receives praise from above. It corresponds with Six in the fifth place, the ruler; every move can win the ruler’s appreciation, so how could there be unfavorable factors? If it performs well, it receives the ruler’s praise, and Nine in the second place naturally performs even better.
Detailed explanation of the Nine in the third place of Zhouyi hexagram 19.
Six in the third place line statement
Six in the third place. Sweet approach; nothing is beneficial. If one becomes concerned about it, there is no blame.
The Image says: Sweet approach means the position is inappropriate. If one becomes concerned about it, the blame will not last.
Explanation in plain language
Six in the third place: Govern the people through coercive policies; there is no benefit. If there is regret and concern, calamity can be removed.
The Image Commentary says: Governing the people through coercive policies is like Six in the third place, a yin line improperly occupying a yang position; such a ruler is not a competent sovereign. If there is regret and concern, the calamity can be removed.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Misfortune: Those who obtain this line will have worries and suffer hardship and exhaustion. Officials will be attacked by slanderers and be unable to fulfill their aspirations.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Recognize regret and correct yourself; later fortune can be expected.
Finances: The sugar business is profitable; other businesses may not be.
Residence: Relocation is advisable; the marriage is incompatible.
Health: The medicine does not match the condition; bitter and pungent remedies may be taken.
Six in the third place changing hexagram
When the sixth line at the third place changes, it becomes hexagram 11 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Heaven, Peace. This hexagram consists of two different trigrams, with Qian below and Kun above. Qian represents Heaven and yang; Kun represents Earth and yin. Yin and yang respond to each other, the upper and lower communicate, Heaven and Earth unite, and the myriad things flourish in profusion. Conversely, the result is inauspicious: all affairs and things stand in opposition and transform; when prosperity reaches its height, decline must follow, and after decline comes a turn toward prosperity. Therefore, whoever changes in accordance with the times achieves Peace, meaning free communication.
The philosophical meaning of the line of Nine in the third place
The third line of Lin, line statement: Six in the third place: Sweet approach; nothing is beneficial. If one has already become concerned about it, there is no blame. Explanation of the line statement.
Gan means sweet words. You means reflection and regret.
The meaning of this line statement is: Supervising from a high position through sweet words will bring no benefit; however, if one has recognized one’s fault and can feel concern and correct it, no calamity will result.
The Image analyzes this line as follows: “Sweet approach” means the position is inappropriate. “Having become concerned about it,” the blame will not last. The Image points out that supervising from a high position through sweet words is due to Six in the third place being improperly positioned. But once one awakens, becomes concerned, and corrects one’s faults, the harm will not last long. From the hexagram image, Six in the third place is a yin line in a firm position, improperly placed, and at the top of the lower trigram, far from the center, unable to maintain the middle way. It governs the people through flowery words, speaking without acting and being skilled at putting on a show.
Those who obtain this line, if they are leaders, should reflect on their attitude toward subordinates. Do they always use sweet words to win them over, make empty promises, and fail to fulfill them? If so, they must correct this immediately, do less of what is clever and sycophantic, reform their faults, and move toward goodness; only then will there be no obstruction.
The meaning of the text is: Treat those who come with sweetness; going and coming brings no benefit. If one can be concerned about the situation, there will be no calamity. The Image says: Treating those who come with sweetness is due to being in an inappropriate position. If one can be concerned about this situation, the calamity will not last long.
Line Six in the third place is at the very top of the lower Dui Trigram, so it has the image of joy and, being above two yang lines, will receive benefit. Yet although its authority exceeds that of the two yang lines, it cannot gain the appreciation of those above, hence “nothing is beneficial.” A yin line in the third place occupies a yang position and is not central, so its situation is unfavorable. However, it can detect the hidden danger in this situation, remain mindful of potential trouble, and seek a solution; therefore, there will be no calamity.
Detailed explanation of the line at Nine Four of Zhouyi Hexagram 19
Six in the fourth place line statement
Six in the fourth place. Supreme approach. No blame.
The Image says: Supreme approach has no blame because the position is appropriate.
Explanation in plain language
Six in the fourth place: Personally governing the state and caring for the people brings no harm.
The Commentary on the Image says: Personally governing the state and caring for the people brings no harm, just as the yin line Six in the fourth place occupies a yin position. Such a ruler is a competent ruler.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Moderate: Those who obtain this line will enjoy harmony in human relationships and profit in their undertakings. Those who wish to accomplish great things must act cautiously, prepare well, and then advance. Officials will receive help from their colleagues.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Good fortune has arrived; there is good fortune and no misfortune.
Finances: Buying and selling at the right time brings benefit wherever you go.
Home: The family enterprise is flourishing; marriage is suitable.
Health: There is a dangerous tendency, but recovery is still possible.
Six in the fourth place changing hexagram
When the line Six in the fourth place changes, it becomes Zhouyi Hexagram 54: Thunder over Lake, Returning Maiden. This is a contrasting hexagram, with Dui below and Zhen above, repeated. Zhen means movement and the eldest son; Dui means joy and the young woman. When a young woman follows the eldest son, feelings of admiration arise, bringing movement toward marriage and the image of a daughter marrying out; hence it is called Returning Maiden.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fourth place line
The fourth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six in the fourth place: Supreme approach. No blame. Explanation of the line statement: Supreme approach means personally handling affairs of state. The meaning of this line is: Personally handling affairs of state brings no calamity.
The fourth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six in the fourth place: Supreme approach. No blame. Life guidance
From the hexagram image, Six in the fourth place is a yin line in a yielding position, properly placed, with the qualities of humility and gentleness. The fourth line is the position of a minister close to the ruler and is the assistant of Six in the fifth place in the upper trigram. Six in the fourth place is next to Six in the fifth place and corresponds with Nine at the beginning. As a minister close to the ruler, it can uphold the right path and remain loyal to its duties above, while responding to the worthy person below, Initial Nine, and strongly recommending such useful people. Initial Nine is yang and Six in the fourth place is yin. Clearly, if Initial Nine gains power, Six in the fourth place will be affected: yang grows while yin declines. Yet Six in the fourth place disregards its own interests and recommends worthy people to the leader, so there is no calamity.
The Image analyzes this line as follows: “Supreme approach. No blame”—the position is appropriate.
The Image explains: “Personally handling affairs of state brings no calamity” because the position of Six in the fourth place is appropriate. In a high position, one must not deceive the ruler above or oppress the people below; one must work diligently and actively recommend capable people, making way for rising talents. Those who act this way will earn praise. A similar example from the Spring and Autumn period is Bao Shuya, teacher of Duke Huan of Qi. As a minister close to the ruler, he devoted himself to Duke Huan while recommending capable people to him. At his urging, Duke Huan appointed Guan Zhong, his former enemy who had once shot at him, as chief minister. With Guan Zhong’s assistance, he established his position as hegemon. Bao Shuya disregarded his own fame and gain, yielding his position to the worthy, and was praised by the people.
Those who obtain this line should learn from Bao Shuya’s conduct. Even if they suffer some loss or grievance for a time, in the end they will gain both reputation and benefit.
Six in the fourth place is the position of a feudal lord, yet it corresponds with Initial Nine, so it is called “supreme approach.” In other words, Six in the fourth place understands the people’s circumstances, goes deep into the lowest levels, and connects heart to heart with the people below; this kind of inspection is “supreme approach.” It is rare and valuable for a leader to achieve this, so how could there be calamity?
Detailed explanation of the line at Nine Five of Zhouyi Hexagram 19
Six in the fifth place line statement
Six in the fifth place. Wise approach. Appropriate for a great ruler. Good fortune.
The Image says: “Appropriate for a great ruler” means acting according to the mean.
Explanation in plain language
Six in the fifth place: Governing the people with wisdom and embodying the proper way of a ruler naturally brings good fortune.
The Commentary on the Image says: Embodying the proper way of a ruler is because Six in the fifth place occupies the central position of the upper trigram, like a person acting according to the balanced and upright way.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good: Those who obtain this line will have everything go as they wish. Officials will win the appreciation of their superiors.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: It is the right time for good fortune, and there is also help from others.
Finances: Understanding the market situation naturally brings benefit.
Home: The five blessings enter the household; the home and marriage are harmonious.
Health: With a good physician’s treatment, recovery will naturally follow.
Six in the fifth place changing hexagram
When the line Six in the fifth place changes, it becomes Zhouyi Hexagram 60: Water over Lake, Limitation. This is a contrasting hexagram, with Dui below and Kan above, repeated. Dui is the lake and Kan is water. A lake has a limited capacity for water; too much will overflow beyond it. Therefore there must be restraint, hence the name Limitation. The Limitation hexagram is opposite to Dispersion and they are related as inverted hexagrams, used in alternation. Heaven and earth can remain ever-new only through restraint; a state can remain stable only through restraint; an individual can become complete only through restraint.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fifth place line
The fifth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six in the fifth place: Wise approach. Appropriate for a great ruler. Good fortune. Explanation of the line statement: “Wise” means intelligent and wise.
The meaning of this line is: Exercising supervision through intelligence and wisdom is the most suitable way for a great ruler to govern, and it can bring good fortune.
The fifth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six in the fifth place: Wise approach. Appropriate for a great ruler. Good fortune. Life guidance
The Image says: “Appropriate for a great ruler” means acting according to the mean. Six in the fifth place is a yielding line in the central position of the upper trigram, a ruler endowed with the virtue of loyalty and compliance. The Image explains: “Exercising supervision through intelligence and wisdom is the most suitable way for a great ruler to govern.” This means following the middle way and using softness to overcome hardness—using what is most yielding in the world to overcome what is most hard.
Those who obtain this line should learn from the conduct of Six in the fifth place. Even if their career has encountered setbacks, acting this way can rescue it from danger and restore its vitality. Those who obtain this line will achieve something in their plans and will soon receive a response to the news they await.
Using wisdom to understand the people’s circumstances is precisely a skill an emperor must master. Six in the fifth place uses wisdom to understand the people and can obtain the true situation, so it is auspicious. As a ruler, one must understand one’s subjects. On the two Huabiao columns at Tiananmen, there are two small beasts; one beast’s head faces south, while the other faces north. This is the difference between the two columns. Is there an explanation? Yes. The beast facing south warns the ruler not to forget to go among the people regularly to understand their circumstances. Why do this? Because ministers may embellish the appearance of peace and prosperity and tell the ruler lies. For example, after Yuan Shikai became emperor, the whole country resounded with opposition. To please Yuan Shikai, some ministers had a newspaper printed specially for him. It printed only one copy each day, for Yuan Shikai alone to read. It was filled with statements that everything was in excellent shape, making him happy. As a result, eighty-one days after ascending the throne, he was driven from the imperial seat. Thus a ruler must use his own eyes to see how the people live. During the prosperous Qing period, Kangxi and Qianlong repeatedly visited Jiangnan; these were inspection tours to understand the people’s circumstances. The beast facing north on the Tiananmen Huabiao warns the ruler not to forget the security of state affairs while touring and enjoying himself outside. What if a treacherous minister rebels while the ruler is always away inspecting? Therefore, a ruler should not tour for too long and must return to consolidate his power.
But as a ruler, one cannot stay away for a long time; how then can one grasp the true state of the people? This requires “wise approach.” How does one practice “wise approach”? The undercover visits by Kangxi and Qianlong shown on television are “wise approach.” Apart from undercover visits, one can also obtain accurate information by having loyal ministers conduct inspections. But the key is “wisdom”: only with wisdom can one achieve true approach.
Detailed explanation of the line at Upper Six of Zhouyi Hexagram 19
Upper Six line statement
Six at the top. Sincere approach. Good fortune. No blame.
The Image says: The good fortune of sincere approach lies in having one’s intent directed inward.
Explanation in plain language
Six at the top: Governing the people through sincerity and honesty brings good fortune and naturally prevents calamity.
The Commentary on the Image says: Governing the people through sincerity and honesty brings good fortune because the intention of sincerity and honesty is held within the heart.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good: Those who obtain this line will often gain profit and meet no disadvantage wherever they go, but must guard against excessive momentum turning into decline. Officials will win the esteem of their superiors and be entrusted with important responsibilities.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Good fortune has come to an end; sincerity and honesty bring no blame.
Finances: Selling goods inland still brings some profit.
Home: Sincere and solemn.
Health: Nourish your vital energy and health will naturally follow.
Upper Six changing hexagram
When the top Six line changes, it becomes Zhouyi Hexagram 41: Mountain over Lake, Decrease. This is a contrasting hexagram, with Dui below and Gen above, repeated. Gen is the mountain; Dui is the lake. The lake below the mountain erodes the mountain’s base. Decrease and increase alternate: benefit exists within decrease, and decrease within benefit. One must treat the relationship between them with great care. Reducing below to increase above, as in governing a state, can excessively damage the foundations of the state. When reduction is necessary, reduce, but always according to one’s capacity and with moderation. The best is to reduce little and increase benefit.
Philosophical meaning of the Upper Nine line
The sixth line of the Approach hexagram, line statement: Six at the top: Sincere approach. Good fortune. No blame. Explanation of the line statement: “Sincere” means thick-hearted and honest.
The meaning of this line is: Governing the people through sincerity and honesty brings good fortune and no calamity.
Line statement: Six at the top: Sincere approach. Good fortune. No blame. Life guidance
The Image says: “The good fortune of sincere approach” lies in having one’s intent directed inward.
The Image explains: “Governing the people through sincerity and honesty brings good fortune and no calamity.” This shows that one’s intent is to benefit the state and the family. Those who obtain this line should remember above all to be sincere and kind; this is its main lesson. In work and life, accept all kinds of opinions generously, including criticism. The generous manner of an elder will win people’s respect. Toward subordinates, display the virtue of sincerity and kindness; only then can you gain good fortune and stay far from calamity.
Six at the top occupies the position of a retired emperor, naturally losing some of the majesty of a ruler. Therefore, when inspecting the people, it must do so with a sincere and kind temperament. In ancient times, the realm belonged to the ruling family, so even a retired emperor had to contribute to peace throughout the realm. By living peacefully with the people, he could obtain genuine information about their circumstances and then help the emperor plan policies for governing the realm.
Six at the top also belongs to the class of recluses. In ancient times, recluses made a great contribution to society. They appeared to live in seclusion in the mountains and forests, but in reality their hearts were devoted to the state. Because they had neither status nor power, they were better able to understand the people’s genuine inner thoughts. Recluses also often had some contact with rulers, who valued this class highly, so recluses frequently offered rulers valuable advice on governing the realm.