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I Ching · 64 Hexagrams
Zhouyi, I Ching, Hexagram 5, the Xu hexagram, Water over Heaven, Kan above Qian below
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Xu: There is trust; it is brilliantly successful; perseverance is auspicious. It is beneficial to cross the great river.
The Tuan Commentary says: Xu means waiting; danger lies ahead. Being firm and vigorous without falling into danger, one’s purpose will not be impoverished. Xu has trust, brilliant success, and auspicious perseverance because it occupies the heavenly position and is centered and correct. It is beneficial to cross the great river because going forward brings achievement.
The Image says: Clouds rise into the heavens—Xu. Thus the superior person eats, drinks, feasts, and enjoys himself.
Hexagram 5 — original text and overview
Detailed explanation of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Original text of the Xu hexagram
Xu. There is trust; it is brilliantly successful; perseverance is auspicious. It is beneficial to cross the great river.
The Image says: Clouds rise into the heavens—Xu; thus the superior person eats, drinks, feasts, and enjoys himself.
Explanation in plain language
The Xu hexagram: Capture a prisoner. Great success and prosperity; an auspicious divination. It is beneficial to cross the river.
The Image Commentary says: The upper trigram of Xu is Kan, representing clouds; the lower trigram is Qian, representing heaven. Clouds gather and float in the heavens, awaiting the proper time to release rain—this is the image of Xu. Observing this image, the superior person may feast and enjoy peace, waiting for the right time to act.
Explanation from The Heavenly Mechanism of Divining Changes
The Xu hexagram has Kan above and Qian below and is a wandering-soul hexagram of the Kun palace. Xu means hesitation and expectation. Although it is strong, danger lies ahead, so one should wait; crossing the great river is beneficial.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Kan’s pitfall lies directly ahead; encountering obstruction, do not advance. Great achievements come late; the harvest is later.
Those who obtain this hexagram should know that the time is not yet ripe and wait patiently; pressing forward will instead bring misfortune.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: The time is not yet ripe; wait patiently.
Finances: Capital has not yet been assembled, so the business cannot open.
Home: Peace is a blessing.
Health: Adjust your diet; recovery and good health are hopeful.
Traditional interpretation of the hexagram
This is a complementary hexagram (Qian below, Kan above) doubled. The lower trigram is Qian, signifying firmness and vigor; the upper trigram is Kan, signifying danger and entrapment. When firmness encounters danger, one should proceed steadily and cautiously, not act rashly, observe the time, and await change; whatever one undertakes will surely succeed.
Great Image: Clouds ascend to the heavens but rain has not yet fallen; this is the image of being unable to press forward and waiting for the right time.
Fortune: The wise must wait for the right time before acting; pressing forward will instead reveal danger.
Career: The key is to assess the time and situation and wait patiently. Matters succeed in calmness; do not take risks, for haste makes waste. You must be full of confidence, remain fearless in danger, and hold firmly to the center and correctness; then danger can surely be transformed into safety. Even when circumstances are favorable, remain mindful of danger in security.
Business: At the beginning, conditions are difficult. You must use great patience to create conditions and opportunities, act openly and honorably, observe the time, and await change to fulfill your wishes. When success is near, be even more careful and cautious; do not let all your efforts fail at the final step.
Seeking recognition: The time is not yet ripe, so wait patiently. At this time, remain firm in your convictions, do not be shaken by idle gossip, work hard to enrich yourself, and then seek help from reliable people; success will follow.
Love and marriage: Be prudent; do not act rashly. Gradually cultivate affection and treat each other honestly and warmly. Changes may occur, but a good outcome can still be achieved. Both sides should understand the principle that gentleness overcomes strength.
Decision: The future is bright, and you have great ambitions that can be realized. To achieve this, you must build up your strength and wait for the right opportunity; success may come late. You have a strong will and a calm mind. Difficulties and dangers will arise along the way, so you must be extremely cautious and calmly face malicious slander from petty people, remaining composed before disaster. Do not act rashly; calmly choose your direction. You are modest, amiable, and frank, and often receive help from others, which promotes success in your endeavors. Once the time is ripe, everything will surely proceed smoothly.
The philosophical meaning of the fifth hexagram
The Xu hexagram is formed by two different trigrams stacked together, with Kan above and Qian below. The Qian hexagram symbolizes the vast sky, while Kan symbolizes skies filled with dark clouds. In traditional agricultural society, rain was the greatest necessity, so this image is used to express the hexagram. The ancients extended the metaphor to mean that rain was about to fall and all things were waiting; therefore it was called Xu.
The ancient form of Xu is structured as “rain above, heaven below,” deriving its sound from rain. It is like rain falling from the blue sky, nourishing all things and people. From the human perspective, when it rains, traveling and farming are difficult, so one stays home drinking and eating meat while quietly awaiting Heaven’s timing. Thus, the basic symbols of this hexagram are waiting, not advancing, and eating and drinking.
The Xu hexagram follows the Meng hexagram. The Sequence of the Hexagrams explains: “Immature things must be nourished, so Xu follows it. Xu is the way of food and drink.” Having a need also means having to wait.
The Image says: Clouds rise into the heavens, Xu; thus the superior person eats, drinks, feasts, and enjoys himself.
This passage from the Image means: The image of Xu is Qian (Heaven) below and Kan (Water) above, symbolizing water above the earth in the heavens. Water vapor gathers in the sky to form clouds; the sky is full of dense clouds, but rain has not yet fallen, so one must wait. At this time, the superior person should eat, drink, enjoy wine, and make merry—in other words, accumulate strength while waiting.
The Xu hexagram symbolizes waiting and teaches people to preserve correctness while awaiting opportunity; it is an upper-middle hexagram. The Image judges it this way: A bright pearl has long been buried deep in the earth, without light or luster until now. Suddenly a strong wind blows the earth away, naturally revealing it anew.
Original text of the Xu hexagram
Xu. There is trust; it is brilliantly successful; perseverance is auspicious. It is beneficial to cross the great river.
The Image says: Clouds rise into the heavens—Xu; thus the superior person eats, drinks, feasts, and enjoys himself.
Explanation in plain language
The Xu hexagram: Capture a prisoner. Great success and prosperity; an auspicious divination. It is beneficial to cross the river.
The Image Commentary says: The upper trigram of Xu is Kan, representing clouds; the lower trigram is Qian, representing heaven. Clouds gather and float in the heavens, awaiting the proper time to release rain—this is the image of Xu. Observing this image, the superior person may feast and enjoy peace, waiting for the right time to act.
Explanation from The Heavenly Mechanism of Divining Changes
The Xu hexagram has Kan above and Qian below and is a wandering-soul hexagram of the Kun palace. Xu means hesitation and expectation. Although it is strong, danger lies ahead, so one should wait; crossing the great river is beneficial.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Kan’s pitfall lies directly ahead; encountering obstruction, do not advance. Great achievements come late; the harvest is later.
Those who obtain this hexagram should know that the time is not yet ripe and wait patiently; pressing forward will instead bring misfortune.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: The time is not yet ripe; wait patiently.
Finances: Capital has not yet been assembled, so the business cannot open.
Home: Peace is a blessing.
Health: Adjust your diet; recovery and good health are hopeful.
Traditional interpretation of the hexagram
This is a complementary hexagram (Qian below, Kan above) doubled. The lower trigram is Qian, signifying firmness and vigor; the upper trigram is Kan, signifying danger and entrapment. When firmness encounters danger, one should proceed steadily and cautiously, not act rashly, observe the time, and await change; whatever one undertakes will surely succeed.
Great Image: Clouds ascend to the heavens but rain has not yet fallen; this is the image of being unable to press forward and waiting for the right time.
Fortune: The wise must wait for the right time before acting; pressing forward will instead reveal danger.
Career: The key is to assess the time and situation and wait patiently. Matters succeed in calmness; do not take risks, for haste makes waste. You must be full of confidence, remain fearless in danger, and hold firmly to the center and correctness; then danger can surely be transformed into safety. Even when circumstances are favorable, remain mindful of danger in security.
Business: At the beginning, conditions are difficult. You must use great patience to create conditions and opportunities, act openly and honorably, observe the time, and await change to fulfill your wishes. When success is near, be even more careful and cautious; do not let all your efforts fail at the final step.
Seeking recognition: The time is not yet ripe, so wait patiently. At this time, remain firm in your convictions, do not be shaken by idle gossip, work hard to enrich yourself, and then seek help from reliable people; success will follow.
Love and marriage: Be prudent; do not act rashly. Gradually cultivate affection and treat each other honestly and warmly. Changes may occur, but a good outcome can still be achieved. Both sides should understand the principle that gentleness overcomes strength.
Decision: The future is bright, and you have great ambitions that can be realized. To achieve this, you must build up your strength and wait for the right opportunity; success may come late. You have a strong will and a calm mind. Difficulties and dangers will arise along the way, so you must be extremely cautious and calmly face malicious slander from petty people, remaining composed before disaster. Do not act rashly; calmly choose your direction. You are modest, amiable, and frank, and often receive help from others, which promotes success in your endeavors. Once the time is ripe, everything will surely proceed smoothly.
The philosophical meaning of the fifth hexagram
The Xu hexagram is formed by two different trigrams stacked together, with Kan above and Qian below. The Qian hexagram symbolizes the vast sky, while Kan symbolizes skies filled with dark clouds. In traditional agricultural society, rain was the greatest necessity, so this image is used to express the hexagram. The ancients extended the metaphor to mean that rain was about to fall and all things were waiting; therefore it was called Xu.
The ancient form of Xu is structured as “rain above, heaven below,” deriving its sound from rain. It is like rain falling from the blue sky, nourishing all things and people. From the human perspective, when it rains, traveling and farming are difficult, so one stays home drinking and eating meat while quietly awaiting Heaven’s timing. Thus, the basic symbols of this hexagram are waiting, not advancing, and eating and drinking.
The Xu hexagram follows the Meng hexagram. The Sequence of the Hexagrams explains: “Immature things must be nourished, so Xu follows it. Xu is the way of food and drink.” Having a need also means having to wait.
The Image says: Clouds rise into the heavens, Xu; thus the superior person eats, drinks, feasts, and enjoys himself.
This passage from the Image means: The image of Xu is Qian (Heaven) below and Kan (Water) above, symbolizing water above the earth in the heavens. Water vapor gathers in the sky to form clouds; the sky is full of dense clouds, but rain has not yet fallen, so one must wait. At this time, the superior person should eat, drink, enjoy wine, and make merry—in other words, accumulate strength while waiting.
The Xu hexagram symbolizes waiting and teaches people to preserve correctness while awaiting opportunity; it is an upper-middle hexagram. The Image judges it this way: A bright pearl has long been buried deep in the earth, without light or luster until now. Suddenly a strong wind blows the earth away, naturally revealing it anew.
Hexagram 5 — line-by-line explanation
Detailed explanation of the initial ninth line of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Statement of the First Nine line
Initial ninth: Waiting in the outskirts. It is beneficial to remain constant; there is no blame.
The Image says: Waiting in the outskirts means not venturing into danger; remaining constant is beneficial and without blame because the ordinary order has not been violated.
Explanation in plain language
Initial ninth: Wait in the outskirts; continue waiting as before, and there will be no danger.
The Image Commentary says: Waiting in the outskirts means one must not advance recklessly. Continuing to wait as before brings no danger because awaiting the right opportunity to act does not violate the normal principles.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Neutral: Those who obtain this line should preserve the old ways, and then no disaster will occur. Officials should remain in their regular posts and wait patiently for opportunity.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: You must wait for a long time; maintaining constancy is essential.
Finances: Do not invest for now; the goods will remain undamaged.
Home: Living in the outskirts is possible.
Health: Recuperate in seclusion; ultimately there will be no major problem.
Transformation of the First Nine line
!["周易第5卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_5_1.png)
When the initial ninth line changes, it becomes Hexagram 48 of the Zhouyi: Water over Wind, The Well. This is a complementary hexagram (Xun below, Kan above) doubled. Kan is water; Xun is wood. Trees flourish when they receive water. People depend on wells for life, and wells are dug by people. Each nourishes the other: the well nourishes people with water. People should take this virtue as an example and work diligently to encourage themselves.
Philosophical meaning of the First Nine line
Initial ninth: Wait in the outskirts. It is beneficial to remain constant; there is no blame. Explanation of the line statement
“Outskirts” refers to the area outside the city. This line chooses to remain far from the Kan trigram, like the outskirts far from the city center.
From the hexagram image, the initial ninth, a yang line in a firm position, is properly placed. Its distance from the upper Kan trigram also means distance from danger, hence “waiting in the outskirts.” Yet a yang line is active and prone to advance rashly. It is in an adverse relationship with the ninth in the second place and will certainly be obstructed by it, bringing disaster. Therefore, the best course is to wait quietly for the right time.
Those who obtain this line should not take any action at present and should wait patiently. If you lack patience and act rashly, you may make a grave mistake.
Waiting tests a person’s patience greatly, and some people miss opportunities precisely because they lack patience. A man once traveled by sea, but unfortunately his ship met with disaster and everyone aboard drowned. Because he desperately held on to a piece of wood, he managed to save his life and drifted to a small island. At first he was full of confidence, waiting for a passing ship to rescue him. But after a month, he could wait no longer. He built a raft from wood and planned to cross the sea himself, but drowned halfway there.
Waiting requires patience and perseverance; those who obtain this hexagram should take note of this.
Detailed explanation of the ninth line in the second place of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Second Nine line
Ninth in the second place: Waiting on sand; there are minor words, but ultimately good fortune.
The Image says: Waiting on sand means delay in the middle; although there are minor words, the final outcome is auspicious.
Explanation in plain language
Ninth in the second place: Wait on sandy ground; suffer a minor fault, but in the end it is still auspicious.
The Image Commentary says: Waiting on sandy ground means the soft sand makes passage difficult, causing a loss through delaying the opportunity; this fault lies with oneself. Although there is a minor fault, the final result is still good.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Auspicious: Those who obtain this line may be troubled by disputes and lawsuits. If they treat others generously and fairly, the truth will become clear without argument. Officials may be troubled by rumors, but the final outcome is auspicious.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Rumors cause obstruction; ultimately there is good fortune.
Finances: The transport of goods is blocked, but business is not harmed.
Home: Quarrels and disputes.
Health: Be broad-minded and generous; good fortune will naturally follow.
Transformation of the Second Nine line
!["周易第5卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_5_2.png)
When the ninth line in the second place changes, it becomes Hexagram 63 of the Zhouyi: Water over Fire, Already Fulfilled. This is a complementary hexagram (Li below, Kan above) doubled. Kan is water and Li is fire; water and fire meet, with water above fire and its force overcoming the fire, so the great work of extinguishing the fire is complete. “Already” means completed; “fulfilled” means accomplished. Already Fulfilled means that matters have succeeded, but changes will eventually occur.
Philosophical meaning of the Second Nine line
Ninth in the second place: Wait on sand; there are minor words, but ultimately good fortune. Explanation of the line statement
“Waiting on sand” means remaining on the beach. “There are minor words” means being criticized by others.
The meaning of this line is that one is like being on a beach at this time. Although criticized by others, it is not a serious problem; as long as one persists, good fortune will ultimately come.
From the hexagram image, the ninth in the second place is a yang line in a yin position and also occupies the central position, symbolizing a superior person who balances firmness and gentleness and is skilled at yielding. It is in an adversarial correspondence with the ninth in the fifth place, opposing the principal leader of the hexagram, so life is bound to be difficult. Yet the ninth in the second, ninth in the third, and sixth in the fourth form the Dui trigram, which signifies joy and brightness. This symbolizes that joy and bright days will come to the ninth in the second, but for now they must wait quietly and endure others’ idle remarks.
Those who obtain this line should continue waiting patiently; brightness will arrive soon. If someone mocks, taunts, or blames you, do not take it to heart or pay attention to them.
Detailed explanation of the ninth line in the third place of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Third Nine line
Ninth in the third place: Waiting in the mud, bringing bandits.
The Image says: Waiting in the mud means disaster is outside. Having brought the bandits upon oneself, one avoids defeat through respect and caution.
Explanation in plain language
Ninth in the third place: Wait in the mire and bring the bandits.
The Image Commentary says: Waiting in the mire means the mire is filthy and the surroundings dangerous; disaster is close at hand. Although one has brought the bandits upon oneself, solemn caution and adapting to circumstances can prevent harm.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Inauspicious: Those who obtain this line must guard against theft and also prevent dangers from water. An official may be demoted.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Advancement to a high position is difficult to expect; carefully restrain yourself.
Finances: Circulation is impossible; beware of being deceived.
Home: The marriage is difficult to complete; if it does occur, the couple will be resentful toward each other.
Health: Be careful of external injuries.
Transformation of the Third Nine line
!["周易第5卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_5_3.png)
When the ninth line in the third place changes, it becomes Hexagram 60 of the Zhouyi: Water over Lake, Limitation. This is a complementary hexagram (Dui below, Kan above) doubled. Dui is a lake; Kan is water. A lake has limited capacity for water, and too much will overflow beyond it. Therefore there must be measure, which is why it is called Limitation. The Limitation hexagram is opposite to Dispersion and forms a paired inverted hexagram with it, used in alternation. Heaven and earth can remain fresh only with measure; a country can remain stable only with measure; an individual can become complete only with measure.
The philosophical meaning of the line of Nine in the third place
Ninth in the third place: Wait in the mud, bringing the bandits. Explanation of the line statement
“Waiting in the mud” means remaining in a muddy marsh.
“Bringing the bandits” means inviting an attack by thieves and bandits.
The meaning of this line is: Waiting in the mire brings the bandits.
From the hexagram image, the ninth in the third place is at the top of the lower trigram, directly adjacent to Kan water, equivalent to remaining in a muddy marsh beside a river. Kan means thieves and danger. If one continues forward, one will sink into the mire and attract bandits, because they are already nearby.
The Image says: Waiting in the mud, disaster is outside. Having brought the bandits upon oneself, one avoids defeat through respect and caution.
This means: Waiting in the mire is because bandits are outside. Although one has brought the bandits oneself, being respectful and cautious prevents calamity and defeat.
The Xu hexagram is Kan above and Qian below, with Qian being firm and vigorous. Those who obtain this line will fall into danger if they act impatiently and advance rashly. However, if they are respectful and cautious, they can protect themselves and stand in an undefeated position.
Remaining in silt and seeking food there is not a good situation. Above the ninth line in the third place is Kan, which contains the meaning of thieves and bandits, so the ninth in the third place of “waiting in the mud” will invite an attack by bandits.
Detailed explanation of the ninth line in the fourth place of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Six in the fourth place line statement
Sixth in the fourth place: Waiting in blood; emerging from the cave.
The Image says: Waiting in blood means complying and listening.
Explanation in plain language
Sixth in the fourth place: At first, remain in a pool of blood; later escape from the dangerous trap.
The Image Commentary says: Remaining in a pool of blood means sitting and awaiting misfortune. The sixth in the fourth place is under the threat of the ninth in the fifth place and can only submit to the strong and obey their arrangements.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Neutral: Those who obtain this line will see bad luck gradually depart and calm return. Officials can withdraw with their safety intact. Those engaged in classical learning may emerge and become famous.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Only by exhausting your efforts can you rise to prominence.
Finances: Investing in mining can yield profit.
Home: The joy of moving to a new residence.
Health: Nourish the qi and blood and harmonize yin and yang.
Six in the fourth place changing hexagram
!["周易第5卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_5_4.png)
When the sixth line in the fourth place changes, it becomes Hexagram 43 of the Zhouyi: Lake over Heaven, Breakthrough. This is a complementary hexagram (Qian below, Dui above) doubled. Qian is heaven and strength; Dui is lake and joy. Moisture from the lake rises, condenses, and falls as rain, nourishing the earth and all things. Five yang lines remove one yin line; since removing it is not difficult, it can simply be decided—hence the name Breakthrough. Breakthrough means decision.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fourth place line
Sixth in the fourth place: Waiting in blood; emerging from the cave. Explanation of the line statement
“Waiting in blood”: The Kan trigram represents blood. The sixth in the fourth place is within this trigram, and the three lines below it are all yang lines, so a conflict between yin and yang occurs and blood will be shed.
“Emerging from the cave”: The Kan trigram also symbolizes channels and ditches, referring by extension to a trap or underground cave. “Emerging from the cave” means escaping from the cave.
The Xu hexagram means waiting, but during the waiting process one must also consider the specific circumstances. Once caught in a pool of blood, one should find a way to escape danger. If one continues sitting and waiting then, that would be foolish. When special circumstances arise, do not simply sit and await misfortune. The sixth in the fourth place is a yin line, so it may follow and rely on the strong and conform to objective principles; only then can danger be transformed into safety. Fortunately, the sixth in the fourth place is modest and harmonious and has good relations with others,
It has a correspondence below with the initial ninth, a close relationship with the ninth in the third place, and support above from the ruler in the ninth in the fifth place; therefore it can transform danger into safety.
Detailed explanation of the ninth line in the fifth place of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Fifth Nine line
Ninth in the fifth place: Wait amid wine and food; perseverance is auspicious.
The Image says: Wine and food, with perseverance, are auspicious because one is centered and correct.
Explanation in plain language
Ninth in the fifth place: Waiting at a banquet; this is an auspicious omen.
The Image Commentary says: Wine and meat are an auspicious sign because the ninth in the fifth place occupies the central position of the upper trigram, symbolizing a person of centered and upright virtue who naturally chooses a good place and lives in favorable, generous circumstances.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Auspicious: Those who obtain this line will have abundant produce and lack neither clothing nor food; there may also be the joy of marriage. An official’s salary and benefits will be generous.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Success and fame have been achieved; you may feast and celebrate.
Finances: Investing in the food and beverage industry can yield profit.
Home: A suitable marriage.
Health: Regulate your diet.
Transformation of the Fifth Nine line
!["周易第5卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_5_5.png)
When the ninth line in the fifth place changes, it becomes Hexagram 11 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Heaven, Peace. This is a complementary hexagram (Qian below, Kun above) doubled. Qian is heaven and yang; Kun is earth and yin. Yin and yang interact, above and below communicate, heaven and earth meet, and the myriad things flourish. Conversely, there is misfortune: all things stand in opposition and transform; when prosperity reaches its peak, decline must follow, and decline turns back into prosperity. Thus Peace means adapting to the time and changing accordingly.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fifth place line
Ninth in the fifth place: Wait amid wine and food; perseverance is auspicious. Explanation of the line statement
The line statement means: Wait while enjoying wine and food; remaining firm and correct is auspicious.
The ninth line in the fifth place is the governing line of the Xu hexagram; as a yang line in the ruler’s position, it is properly placed and centered.
Waiting makes people anxious, especially when they are in danger or confusion and the future is uncertain. Many cannot eat or sleep, worry all day, and may even become frightened and uneasy. The Ninth in the Fifth Place represents a person’s breadth of mind and level of spiritual attainment: even in a crisis, one can still savor food and drink and enjoy oneself.
Those who obtain this hexagram may attend a banquet soon. If they attend with a pure and upright heart, they can achieve their aim through the banquet, and the outcome will be very auspicious.
The ninth in the fifth place occupies the position of the Qian ruler, so naturally it can enjoy the pleasures of wine and food. But it must preserve the righteous path for this to be auspicious. Most ancient emperors gradually declined into degeneracy and corruption because of the pleasures of wine and food. For example, King Feng was an exceptionally wise ruler when he first ascended the throne, but later made a pair of ivory chopsticks. From one pair of ivory chopsticks, this developed into a lake of wine and a forest of meat; extravagance increased until it ultimately caused the country’s downfall. Therefore, the pleasures of wine and food are auspicious only when grounded in the righteous path.
Detailed explanation of the top sixth line of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Upper Six line statement
Top sixth: Enter the cave. Three uninvited guests arrive; treat them respectfully, and in the end there is good fortune.
The Image says: Uninvited guests come; treating them respectfully is ultimately auspicious. Although the line is not in its proper position, there is no great loss.
Explanation in plain language
Top sixth: Enter a cave-like dwelling. Three uninvited guests arrive; receive them respectfully, and the result is auspicious.
The Image Commentary says: Uninvited guests come; treating them respectfully is ultimately auspicious. Because yang strength is excessive throughout the hexagram and presses down on yin softness, but the top sixth occupies a yin position, its position is appropriate; thus there is alarm but no danger and no major loss.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Neutral: Those who obtain this line should be cautious, and their worries will disperse on their own. Officials may have a chance of promotion, but must guard against slanderous and corrupt people.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Defend yourself from danger; reconciliation is the most valuable course.
Finances: Sell when you obtain a good price; do not hoard.
Home: Manage the household according to principle; the youngest son is auspicious.
Health: The illness is dangerous; do not rely on luck.
Upper Six changing hexagram
!["周易第5卦的其中之一变卦卦的卦图]("https://mypublicforweb.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/inching/64_5_6.png)
When the top sixth line changes, it becomes Hexagram 9 of the Zhouyi: Wind over Heaven, Small Accumulation. This is a complementary hexagram (Qian below, Xun above) doubled. Qian is heaven; Xun is wind. It symbolizes favorable weather and rain, allowing grain to grow, hence the name Small Accumulation. Strength is limited, so one must wait until development reaches a certain level before achieving great things.
Philosophical meaning of the Upper Nine line
Top sixth: Enter a cave; three uninvited guests arrive. Treat them respectfully, and ultimately there is good fortune. Explanation of the line statement
“Uninvited guests” means guests who come without being summoned. “Three people” traditionally uses three to signify many; here it refers to several people.
The meaning of this line is: Enter a cave, and several uninvited guests arrive; if you respect them, the outcome will be very auspicious.
The top sixth is the top line of the Kan trigram, and Kan represents a cave. Thus the top sixth represents entering a cave. The top sixth is a yin line, while the top position is a yielding position, so the top sixth is properly placed and can reside there securely.
The line statement “enter the cave” also derives from the relating hexagram. The Great Strength hexagram has Zhen, thunder, as its upper trigram and contains no meaning of a cave, but after changing into the Xu hexagram, the upper trigram is Kan, which does contain the meaning of a cave. Thus the top sixth has the image of “entering the cave.” “Three uninvited guests” refers to the three yang lines of the lower trigram. These three yang lines cross the great river through their firm and vigorous virtue; the great river is the Kan trigram above, so the top sixth encounters these three uninvited guests.
Statement of the First Nine line
Initial ninth: Waiting in the outskirts. It is beneficial to remain constant; there is no blame.
The Image says: Waiting in the outskirts means not venturing into danger; remaining constant is beneficial and without blame because the ordinary order has not been violated.
Explanation in plain language
Initial ninth: Wait in the outskirts; continue waiting as before, and there will be no danger.
The Image Commentary says: Waiting in the outskirts means one must not advance recklessly. Continuing to wait as before brings no danger because awaiting the right opportunity to act does not violate the normal principles.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Neutral: Those who obtain this line should preserve the old ways, and then no disaster will occur. Officials should remain in their regular posts and wait patiently for opportunity.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: You must wait for a long time; maintaining constancy is essential.
Finances: Do not invest for now; the goods will remain undamaged.
Home: Living in the outskirts is possible.
Health: Recuperate in seclusion; ultimately there will be no major problem.
Transformation of the First Nine line
When the initial ninth line changes, it becomes Hexagram 48 of the Zhouyi: Water over Wind, The Well. This is a complementary hexagram (Xun below, Kan above) doubled. Kan is water; Xun is wood. Trees flourish when they receive water. People depend on wells for life, and wells are dug by people. Each nourishes the other: the well nourishes people with water. People should take this virtue as an example and work diligently to encourage themselves.
Philosophical meaning of the First Nine line
Initial ninth: Wait in the outskirts. It is beneficial to remain constant; there is no blame. Explanation of the line statement
“Outskirts” refers to the area outside the city. This line chooses to remain far from the Kan trigram, like the outskirts far from the city center.
From the hexagram image, the initial ninth, a yang line in a firm position, is properly placed. Its distance from the upper Kan trigram also means distance from danger, hence “waiting in the outskirts.” Yet a yang line is active and prone to advance rashly. It is in an adverse relationship with the ninth in the second place and will certainly be obstructed by it, bringing disaster. Therefore, the best course is to wait quietly for the right time.
Those who obtain this line should not take any action at present and should wait patiently. If you lack patience and act rashly, you may make a grave mistake.
Waiting tests a person’s patience greatly, and some people miss opportunities precisely because they lack patience. A man once traveled by sea, but unfortunately his ship met with disaster and everyone aboard drowned. Because he desperately held on to a piece of wood, he managed to save his life and drifted to a small island. At first he was full of confidence, waiting for a passing ship to rescue him. But after a month, he could wait no longer. He built a raft from wood and planned to cross the sea himself, but drowned halfway there.
Waiting requires patience and perseverance; those who obtain this hexagram should take note of this.
Detailed explanation of the ninth line in the second place of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Second Nine line
Ninth in the second place: Waiting on sand; there are minor words, but ultimately good fortune.
The Image says: Waiting on sand means delay in the middle; although there are minor words, the final outcome is auspicious.
Explanation in plain language
Ninth in the second place: Wait on sandy ground; suffer a minor fault, but in the end it is still auspicious.
The Image Commentary says: Waiting on sandy ground means the soft sand makes passage difficult, causing a loss through delaying the opportunity; this fault lies with oneself. Although there is a minor fault, the final result is still good.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Auspicious: Those who obtain this line may be troubled by disputes and lawsuits. If they treat others generously and fairly, the truth will become clear without argument. Officials may be troubled by rumors, but the final outcome is auspicious.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Rumors cause obstruction; ultimately there is good fortune.
Finances: The transport of goods is blocked, but business is not harmed.
Home: Quarrels and disputes.
Health: Be broad-minded and generous; good fortune will naturally follow.
Transformation of the Second Nine line
When the ninth line in the second place changes, it becomes Hexagram 63 of the Zhouyi: Water over Fire, Already Fulfilled. This is a complementary hexagram (Li below, Kan above) doubled. Kan is water and Li is fire; water and fire meet, with water above fire and its force overcoming the fire, so the great work of extinguishing the fire is complete. “Already” means completed; “fulfilled” means accomplished. Already Fulfilled means that matters have succeeded, but changes will eventually occur.
Philosophical meaning of the Second Nine line
Ninth in the second place: Wait on sand; there are minor words, but ultimately good fortune. Explanation of the line statement
“Waiting on sand” means remaining on the beach. “There are minor words” means being criticized by others.
The meaning of this line is that one is like being on a beach at this time. Although criticized by others, it is not a serious problem; as long as one persists, good fortune will ultimately come.
From the hexagram image, the ninth in the second place is a yang line in a yin position and also occupies the central position, symbolizing a superior person who balances firmness and gentleness and is skilled at yielding. It is in an adversarial correspondence with the ninth in the fifth place, opposing the principal leader of the hexagram, so life is bound to be difficult. Yet the ninth in the second, ninth in the third, and sixth in the fourth form the Dui trigram, which signifies joy and brightness. This symbolizes that joy and bright days will come to the ninth in the second, but for now they must wait quietly and endure others’ idle remarks.
Those who obtain this line should continue waiting patiently; brightness will arrive soon. If someone mocks, taunts, or blames you, do not take it to heart or pay attention to them.
Detailed explanation of the ninth line in the third place of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Third Nine line
Ninth in the third place: Waiting in the mud, bringing bandits.
The Image says: Waiting in the mud means disaster is outside. Having brought the bandits upon oneself, one avoids defeat through respect and caution.
Explanation in plain language
Ninth in the third place: Wait in the mire and bring the bandits.
The Image Commentary says: Waiting in the mire means the mire is filthy and the surroundings dangerous; disaster is close at hand. Although one has brought the bandits upon oneself, solemn caution and adapting to circumstances can prevent harm.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Inauspicious: Those who obtain this line must guard against theft and also prevent dangers from water. An official may be demoted.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Advancement to a high position is difficult to expect; carefully restrain yourself.
Finances: Circulation is impossible; beware of being deceived.
Home: The marriage is difficult to complete; if it does occur, the couple will be resentful toward each other.
Health: Be careful of external injuries.
Transformation of the Third Nine line
When the ninth line in the third place changes, it becomes Hexagram 60 of the Zhouyi: Water over Lake, Limitation. This is a complementary hexagram (Dui below, Kan above) doubled. Dui is a lake; Kan is water. A lake has limited capacity for water, and too much will overflow beyond it. Therefore there must be measure, which is why it is called Limitation. The Limitation hexagram is opposite to Dispersion and forms a paired inverted hexagram with it, used in alternation. Heaven and earth can remain fresh only with measure; a country can remain stable only with measure; an individual can become complete only with measure.
The philosophical meaning of the line of Nine in the third place
Ninth in the third place: Wait in the mud, bringing the bandits. Explanation of the line statement
“Waiting in the mud” means remaining in a muddy marsh.
“Bringing the bandits” means inviting an attack by thieves and bandits.
The meaning of this line is: Waiting in the mire brings the bandits.
From the hexagram image, the ninth in the third place is at the top of the lower trigram, directly adjacent to Kan water, equivalent to remaining in a muddy marsh beside a river. Kan means thieves and danger. If one continues forward, one will sink into the mire and attract bandits, because they are already nearby.
The Image says: Waiting in the mud, disaster is outside. Having brought the bandits upon oneself, one avoids defeat through respect and caution.
This means: Waiting in the mire is because bandits are outside. Although one has brought the bandits oneself, being respectful and cautious prevents calamity and defeat.
The Xu hexagram is Kan above and Qian below, with Qian being firm and vigorous. Those who obtain this line will fall into danger if they act impatiently and advance rashly. However, if they are respectful and cautious, they can protect themselves and stand in an undefeated position.
Remaining in silt and seeking food there is not a good situation. Above the ninth line in the third place is Kan, which contains the meaning of thieves and bandits, so the ninth in the third place of “waiting in the mud” will invite an attack by bandits.
Detailed explanation of the ninth line in the fourth place of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Six in the fourth place line statement
Sixth in the fourth place: Waiting in blood; emerging from the cave.
The Image says: Waiting in blood means complying and listening.
Explanation in plain language
Sixth in the fourth place: At first, remain in a pool of blood; later escape from the dangerous trap.
The Image Commentary says: Remaining in a pool of blood means sitting and awaiting misfortune. The sixth in the fourth place is under the threat of the ninth in the fifth place and can only submit to the strong and obey their arrangements.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Neutral: Those who obtain this line will see bad luck gradually depart and calm return. Officials can withdraw with their safety intact. Those engaged in classical learning may emerge and become famous.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Only by exhausting your efforts can you rise to prominence.
Finances: Investing in mining can yield profit.
Home: The joy of moving to a new residence.
Health: Nourish the qi and blood and harmonize yin and yang.
Six in the fourth place changing hexagram
When the sixth line in the fourth place changes, it becomes Hexagram 43 of the Zhouyi: Lake over Heaven, Breakthrough. This is a complementary hexagram (Qian below, Dui above) doubled. Qian is heaven and strength; Dui is lake and joy. Moisture from the lake rises, condenses, and falls as rain, nourishing the earth and all things. Five yang lines remove one yin line; since removing it is not difficult, it can simply be decided—hence the name Breakthrough. Breakthrough means decision.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fourth place line
Sixth in the fourth place: Waiting in blood; emerging from the cave. Explanation of the line statement
“Waiting in blood”: The Kan trigram represents blood. The sixth in the fourth place is within this trigram, and the three lines below it are all yang lines, so a conflict between yin and yang occurs and blood will be shed.
“Emerging from the cave”: The Kan trigram also symbolizes channels and ditches, referring by extension to a trap or underground cave. “Emerging from the cave” means escaping from the cave.
The Xu hexagram means waiting, but during the waiting process one must also consider the specific circumstances. Once caught in a pool of blood, one should find a way to escape danger. If one continues sitting and waiting then, that would be foolish. When special circumstances arise, do not simply sit and await misfortune. The sixth in the fourth place is a yin line, so it may follow and rely on the strong and conform to objective principles; only then can danger be transformed into safety. Fortunately, the sixth in the fourth place is modest and harmonious and has good relations with others,
It has a correspondence below with the initial ninth, a close relationship with the ninth in the third place, and support above from the ruler in the ninth in the fifth place; therefore it can transform danger into safety.
Detailed explanation of the ninth line in the fifth place of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Fifth Nine line
Ninth in the fifth place: Wait amid wine and food; perseverance is auspicious.
The Image says: Wine and food, with perseverance, are auspicious because one is centered and correct.
Explanation in plain language
Ninth in the fifth place: Waiting at a banquet; this is an auspicious omen.
The Image Commentary says: Wine and meat are an auspicious sign because the ninth in the fifth place occupies the central position of the upper trigram, symbolizing a person of centered and upright virtue who naturally chooses a good place and lives in favorable, generous circumstances.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Auspicious: Those who obtain this line will have abundant produce and lack neither clothing nor food; there may also be the joy of marriage. An official’s salary and benefits will be generous.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Success and fame have been achieved; you may feast and celebrate.
Finances: Investing in the food and beverage industry can yield profit.
Home: A suitable marriage.
Health: Regulate your diet.
Transformation of the Fifth Nine line
When the ninth line in the fifth place changes, it becomes Hexagram 11 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Heaven, Peace. This is a complementary hexagram (Qian below, Kun above) doubled. Qian is heaven and yang; Kun is earth and yin. Yin and yang interact, above and below communicate, heaven and earth meet, and the myriad things flourish. Conversely, there is misfortune: all things stand in opposition and transform; when prosperity reaches its peak, decline must follow, and decline turns back into prosperity. Thus Peace means adapting to the time and changing accordingly.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fifth place line
Ninth in the fifth place: Wait amid wine and food; perseverance is auspicious. Explanation of the line statement
The line statement means: Wait while enjoying wine and food; remaining firm and correct is auspicious.
The ninth line in the fifth place is the governing line of the Xu hexagram; as a yang line in the ruler’s position, it is properly placed and centered.
Waiting makes people anxious, especially when they are in danger or confusion and the future is uncertain. Many cannot eat or sleep, worry all day, and may even become frightened and uneasy. The Ninth in the Fifth Place represents a person’s breadth of mind and level of spiritual attainment: even in a crisis, one can still savor food and drink and enjoy oneself.
Those who obtain this hexagram may attend a banquet soon. If they attend with a pure and upright heart, they can achieve their aim through the banquet, and the outcome will be very auspicious.
The ninth in the fifth place occupies the position of the Qian ruler, so naturally it can enjoy the pleasures of wine and food. But it must preserve the righteous path for this to be auspicious. Most ancient emperors gradually declined into degeneracy and corruption because of the pleasures of wine and food. For example, King Feng was an exceptionally wise ruler when he first ascended the throne, but later made a pair of ivory chopsticks. From one pair of ivory chopsticks, this developed into a lake of wine and a forest of meat; extravagance increased until it ultimately caused the country’s downfall. Therefore, the pleasures of wine and food are auspicious only when grounded in the righteous path.
Detailed explanation of the top sixth line of Hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi
Upper Six line statement
Top sixth: Enter the cave. Three uninvited guests arrive; treat them respectfully, and in the end there is good fortune.
The Image says: Uninvited guests come; treating them respectfully is ultimately auspicious. Although the line is not in its proper position, there is no great loss.
Explanation in plain language
Top sixth: Enter a cave-like dwelling. Three uninvited guests arrive; receive them respectfully, and the result is auspicious.
The Image Commentary says: Uninvited guests come; treating them respectfully is ultimately auspicious. Because yang strength is excessive throughout the hexagram and presses down on yin softness, but the top sixth occupies a yin position, its position is appropriate; thus there is alarm but no danger and no major loss.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Neutral: Those who obtain this line should be cautious, and their worries will disperse on their own. Officials may have a chance of promotion, but must guard against slanderous and corrupt people.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing: Defend yourself from danger; reconciliation is the most valuable course.
Finances: Sell when you obtain a good price; do not hoard.
Home: Manage the household according to principle; the youngest son is auspicious.
Health: The illness is dangerous; do not rely on luck.
Upper Six changing hexagram
When the top sixth line changes, it becomes Hexagram 9 of the Zhouyi: Wind over Heaven, Small Accumulation. This is a complementary hexagram (Qian below, Xun above) doubled. Qian is heaven; Xun is wind. It symbolizes favorable weather and rain, allowing grain to grow, hence the name Small Accumulation. Strength is limited, so one must wait until development reaches a certain level before achieving great things.
Philosophical meaning of the Upper Nine line
Top sixth: Enter a cave; three uninvited guests arrive. Treat them respectfully, and ultimately there is good fortune. Explanation of the line statement
“Uninvited guests” means guests who come without being summoned. “Three people” traditionally uses three to signify many; here it refers to several people.
The meaning of this line is: Enter a cave, and several uninvited guests arrive; if you respect them, the outcome will be very auspicious.
The top sixth is the top line of the Kan trigram, and Kan represents a cave. Thus the top sixth represents entering a cave. The top sixth is a yin line, while the top position is a yielding position, so the top sixth is properly placed and can reside there securely.
The line statement “enter the cave” also derives from the relating hexagram. The Great Strength hexagram has Zhen, thunder, as its upper trigram and contains no meaning of a cave, but after changing into the Xu hexagram, the upper trigram is Kan, which does contain the meaning of a cave. Thus the top sixth has the image of “entering the cave.” “Three uninvited guests” refers to the three yang lines of the lower trigram. These three yang lines cross the great river through their firm and vigorous virtue; the great river is the Kan trigram above, so the top sixth encounters these three uninvited guests.