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I Ching · 64 Hexagrams
Zhouyi, I Ching, Hexagram 60, Limitation hexagram, Water over Lake, Kan above Dui below
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Limitation: Success. Bitter limitation cannot be maintained as correct.
The Tuan Commentary says: Limitation: success. The firm and yielding are divided, and the firm attains the center. Bitter limitation cannot be maintained as correct; its way is exhausted. Joyfully proceeding through danger, occupying the proper position through limitation, and attaining success through central correctness. Heaven and earth have measures, and the four seasons are formed. Measures and institutions regulate without injuring wealth or harming the people.
The Image says: Water above a lake—that is Limitation. Thus the noble person establishes measures and standards and deliberates on virtue and conduct.
Hexagram 60 — original text and overview
Detailed explanation of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Original text of the Limitation hexagram
Limitation: Success; bitter limitation cannot be maintained as correct.
The Image says: Water above a lake—that is Limitation. Thus the noble person establishes measures and standards and deliberates on virtue and conduct.
Explanation in plain language
The Limitation hexagram: Success. If one finds limitation bitter, its auspiciousness or inauspiciousness cannot be determined through divination.
The Image Commentary says: The lower trigram is Dui, which is a lake; the upper trigram is Kan, which is water. When a lake is full of water, embankments must be built high—this is the image of Limitation. The noble person observes this image and therefore establishes governmental principles and institutions and sets ethical standards.
Explanation from The Heavenly Mechanism of Divining Changes
The Limitation hexagram has Kan above and Dui below and is the first-world hexagram of the Kan Palace. Limitation means restraint, economy, and stopping waste; only thus can peace and well-being be maintained at home.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Maintain integrity and moderation, and stop when enough is enough; assess the time and circumstances and know how to adapt.
Those who receive this hexagram should be content with their lot and guard their conduct. They must avoid insatiable greed, exercise restraint in all matters, avoid excess, and especially abstain from alcohol and sexual indulgence.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Upright conduct brings fame and wealth naturally.
Wealth: Conduct business properly and prosperity can be achieved.
Home: A wealthy household; an auspicious marriage.
Health: Exercise restraint in eating and drinking.
Traditional interpretation of the hexagram
This is a pair of different trigrams, with Dui below and Kan above. Dui is a lake and Kan is water. A lake holds water but its flow is limited; too much water will overflow beyond it. Therefore there must be moderation, hence the name Limitation. The Limitation and Dispersion hexagrams are opposites and form inverse hexagrams, used in relation to each other. Heaven and earth remain ever renewed through moderation, a nation remains secure through moderation, and individuals become complete through moderation.
Great Image: A lake is a marsh, with Kan water above it. This symbolizes storing and restraining water so it does not flow away; but if the water level becomes too high, flooding results.
Fortune: Your aspirations cannot be extended; everything must be restrained, excess avoided, and alcohol and sexual indulgence renounced.
Career: You are in a period of development and must be careful not to advance rashly. But you should not abandon good opportunities either. As long as you adhere to the principles of following the Way and upholding righteousness, you may act boldly. Then your career can continue to prosper.
Business: Market conditions are favorable and advantageous to you. You should work hard to expand and not miss the opportunity. However, remain calm; investment must be limited, stop when appropriate, and collect profits when the time comes.
Seeking fame: Demand strict standards of yourself, know moderation in handling affairs, and avoid extremes. Then you can proceed smoothly without obstruction.
Marriage and love: Do not let yourself become completely carried away by emotion; letting things take their natural course will bring a good result.
Decision-making: Seize opportunities and do not miss them. Restrain your actions appropriately; do not force matters or take risks, and act in proper measure. Do not cling rigidly to anything; change when change is needed. Yet when restraint is called for, you must restrain yourself. Restraint must have limits; excessive restraint becomes bitter and will not produce a good result. This is called achieving the opposite of what is intended, so pay close attention.
Philosophical meaning of the 60th hexagram
The Limitation hexagram is formed by two different trigrams, with Dui below and Kan above. Dui is a lake, and Kan is water. A lake contains water but its flow is limited; too much water must overflow beyond the lake. Therefore there must be moderation, hence the name Limitation. Heaven and earth remain ever renewed through moderation, a nation remains secure through moderation, and a person becomes complete through moderation.
The Limitation hexagram follows the Dispersion hexagram. The Sequence Commentary explains: “Things cannot remain separated forever, therefore Limitation follows.” Continuous separation and dispersal are unsuitable, so the discussion turns next to Limitation. Limitation and Dispersion are opposites, inverse hexagrams used in relation to each other.
The Image Commentary explains it this way: Water above a lake is Limitation; the noble person establishes measures and standards and deliberates on virtue and conduct. It points out that the image of the Limitation hexagram is Dui (lake) below and Kan (water) above, water above a lake, symbolizing restraint through embankments. Water in a lake overflows once it is full, while an embankment exists precisely to control the rise and fall of the water. The noble person should model the principle of Limitation by establishing statutes, systems, necessary rituals, and standards of propriety as guidelines for conduct, thereby regulating people’s behavior.
The Limitation hexagram symbolizes that all things have boundaries and teaches people the principle of restraint; it belongs to the supreme auspicious class. The Image Commentary divines it this way: When the time comes, fortune turns and joy arises; Jiang Taigong ascends the platform and is enfeoffed as a deity; when this point is reached, all deities yield their positions; even if calamity exists, it does not become misfortune.
Image of the Limitation hexagram: Analyzing the image, the upper trigram is Kan, water, and the lower trigram is Dui, lake; water above a lake is the image of Limitation. Water continually flows from high to low, but if it passes through a shallow depression, it accumulates and no longer flows forward. Marshland lies lower than the ground, so when rain or river water passes through it, the water gathers there. Thus the accumulation of water into a lake is the great image of Limitation.
Original text of the Limitation hexagram
Limitation: Success; bitter limitation cannot be maintained as correct.
The Image says: Water above a lake—that is Limitation. Thus the noble person establishes measures and standards and deliberates on virtue and conduct.
Explanation in plain language
The Limitation hexagram: Success. If one finds limitation bitter, its auspiciousness or inauspiciousness cannot be determined through divination.
The Image Commentary says: The lower trigram is Dui, which is a lake; the upper trigram is Kan, which is water. When a lake is full of water, embankments must be built high—this is the image of Limitation. The noble person observes this image and therefore establishes governmental principles and institutions and sets ethical standards.
Explanation from The Heavenly Mechanism of Divining Changes
The Limitation hexagram has Kan above and Dui below and is the first-world hexagram of the Kan Palace. Limitation means restraint, economy, and stopping waste; only thus can peace and well-being be maintained at home.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Maintain integrity and moderation, and stop when enough is enough; assess the time and circumstances and know how to adapt.
Those who receive this hexagram should be content with their lot and guard their conduct. They must avoid insatiable greed, exercise restraint in all matters, avoid excess, and especially abstain from alcohol and sexual indulgence.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Upright conduct brings fame and wealth naturally.
Wealth: Conduct business properly and prosperity can be achieved.
Home: A wealthy household; an auspicious marriage.
Health: Exercise restraint in eating and drinking.
Traditional interpretation of the hexagram
This is a pair of different trigrams, with Dui below and Kan above. Dui is a lake and Kan is water. A lake holds water but its flow is limited; too much water will overflow beyond it. Therefore there must be moderation, hence the name Limitation. The Limitation and Dispersion hexagrams are opposites and form inverse hexagrams, used in relation to each other. Heaven and earth remain ever renewed through moderation, a nation remains secure through moderation, and individuals become complete through moderation.
Great Image: A lake is a marsh, with Kan water above it. This symbolizes storing and restraining water so it does not flow away; but if the water level becomes too high, flooding results.
Fortune: Your aspirations cannot be extended; everything must be restrained, excess avoided, and alcohol and sexual indulgence renounced.
Career: You are in a period of development and must be careful not to advance rashly. But you should not abandon good opportunities either. As long as you adhere to the principles of following the Way and upholding righteousness, you may act boldly. Then your career can continue to prosper.
Business: Market conditions are favorable and advantageous to you. You should work hard to expand and not miss the opportunity. However, remain calm; investment must be limited, stop when appropriate, and collect profits when the time comes.
Seeking fame: Demand strict standards of yourself, know moderation in handling affairs, and avoid extremes. Then you can proceed smoothly without obstruction.
Marriage and love: Do not let yourself become completely carried away by emotion; letting things take their natural course will bring a good result.
Decision-making: Seize opportunities and do not miss them. Restrain your actions appropriately; do not force matters or take risks, and act in proper measure. Do not cling rigidly to anything; change when change is needed. Yet when restraint is called for, you must restrain yourself. Restraint must have limits; excessive restraint becomes bitter and will not produce a good result. This is called achieving the opposite of what is intended, so pay close attention.
Philosophical meaning of the 60th hexagram
The Limitation hexagram is formed by two different trigrams, with Dui below and Kan above. Dui is a lake, and Kan is water. A lake contains water but its flow is limited; too much water must overflow beyond the lake. Therefore there must be moderation, hence the name Limitation. Heaven and earth remain ever renewed through moderation, a nation remains secure through moderation, and a person becomes complete through moderation.
The Limitation hexagram follows the Dispersion hexagram. The Sequence Commentary explains: “Things cannot remain separated forever, therefore Limitation follows.” Continuous separation and dispersal are unsuitable, so the discussion turns next to Limitation. Limitation and Dispersion are opposites, inverse hexagrams used in relation to each other.
The Image Commentary explains it this way: Water above a lake is Limitation; the noble person establishes measures and standards and deliberates on virtue and conduct. It points out that the image of the Limitation hexagram is Dui (lake) below and Kan (water) above, water above a lake, symbolizing restraint through embankments. Water in a lake overflows once it is full, while an embankment exists precisely to control the rise and fall of the water. The noble person should model the principle of Limitation by establishing statutes, systems, necessary rituals, and standards of propriety as guidelines for conduct, thereby regulating people’s behavior.
The Limitation hexagram symbolizes that all things have boundaries and teaches people the principle of restraint; it belongs to the supreme auspicious class. The Image Commentary divines it this way: When the time comes, fortune turns and joy arises; Jiang Taigong ascends the platform and is enfeoffed as a deity; when this point is reached, all deities yield their positions; even if calamity exists, it does not become misfortune.
Image of the Limitation hexagram: Analyzing the image, the upper trigram is Kan, water, and the lower trigram is Dui, lake; water above a lake is the image of Limitation. Water continually flows from high to low, but if it passes through a shallow depression, it accumulates and no longer flows forward. Marshland lies lower than the ground, so when rain or river water passes through it, the water gathers there. Thus the accumulation of water into a lake is the great image of Limitation.
Hexagram 60 — line-by-line explanation
Detailed explanation of the First-Nine line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Statement of the First Nine line
Nine in the first place: Do not leave the courtyard gate; no blame.
The Image says: “Do not leave the courtyard gate”—this means knowing when the way is open and when it is blocked.
Explanation in plain language
First Nine: If divination yields this line, close the doors and do not go out; there will be no disaster.
The Image Commentary says: Close the doors and do not go out because the person knows that the path ahead will not be open.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Ordinary: Those who receive this line will find advancement unfavorable and should preserve the old ways.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Cultivate yourself behind closed doors; peace is a blessing.
Wealth: Unfavorable for traveling merchants; opening a shop is possible.
Home: You can live peacefully at home; husband and wife are well matched.
Health: Rest and recuperate at home.
Transformation of the First Nine line
When the First-Nine line changes, it becomes hexagram 29 of the Zhouyi: Water doubled, Water. This hexagram consists of the same trigram repeated, with Water below and Water above. Water represents danger; two Waters multiply danger upon danger, with obstacles everywhere. One yang is trapped between two yin lines. Fortunately, the yin is insubstantial and the yang substantial, so sincerity can open a clear passage. Though dangers are repeated, they can reveal the brilliance of human nature.
Philosophical meaning of the First Nine line
The first line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: First Nine: “Do not leave the courtyard gate; no blame.” Explanation of the line statement
Courtyard gate: the entrance and exit in the wall enclosing a household courtyard.
The meaning of this line statement is: Do not step beyond the courtyard; there is no harm.
In terms of the hexagram image, the First-Nine is a yang line in a firm position, suggesting an active, restless nature. But it is at the beginning of the Dui trigram, which symbolizes a young woman. In ancient times, well-bred women were expected not to leave the main gate or cross the inner gate; they restrained their movements to show cultivation. If they went out often and did not know how to restrain themselves, their reputation would suffer. In the overall hexagram, the First-Nine is active, but it is opposed by the Ninth-Two above, which blocks it. Its upward movement is therefore obstructed, so it is best to stay at home.
The Image Commentary analyzes this line: “Do not leave the courtyard gate”—this means knowing that when the way is open one should proceed, and when it is blocked one should stop.
Those who receive this line should not go out recently; it is best to stay at home. Although this conflicts with your active nature, you must restrain yourself. Live quietly and accept solitude; as long as you do not go out, there will be no disaster.
First Nine: Do not leave the courtyard gate; no blame.
The Image says: “Do not leave the courtyard gate”—this means knowing when the way is open and when it is blocked.
The meaning of the classic text is: Do not leave the house; there is no disaster.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: Not leaving the house is because one understands the laws of timing concerning blockage and openness.
Detailed explanation of the Second-Nine line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Second Nine line
Nine in the second place: Do not leave the gate of the household; misfortune.
The Image says: “Do not leave the gate of the household”—this means missing the proper time to the utmost.
Explanation in plain language
Second Nine: If divination yields this line, closing the doors and not going out also brings danger.
The Image Commentary says: Closing the doors and not going out is still dangerous because one has missed a good opportunity, and the error has become extreme.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Misfortune: Those who receive this line have poor fortune and many matters go awry; movement is favorable, stillness unfavorable. Officials will not find the times favorable.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Hesitation and following old habits cause self-inflicted error and missed opportunities.
Wealth: Missing the opportunity means losing money instead of earning it.
Home: No one is at home; resentment and loneliness are hard to avoid.
Health: Walking is difficult.
Transformation of the Second Nine line
When the Second-Nine line changes, it becomes hexagram 3 of the Zhouyi: Water over Thunder, Difficulty at the Beginning. This is a pair of different trigrams, with Thunder below and Water above. Thunder symbolizes movement; Water symbolizes danger. Thunder and rain come together, producing danger everywhere in a harsh environment. “Difficulty at the Beginning” originally refers to plants sprouting from the earth; all things begin amid hardship and danger, yet by following the time and responding to circumstances, they will surely flourish.
Philosophical meaning of the First Nine line
The second line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Second Nine: “Do not leave the gate of the household; misfortune.” Explanation of the line statement
The meaning of this line statement is: Excessive restraint that prevents one from crossing the household gate brings danger.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Second-Nine is a yang line in a yielding position, yet it is also active and eager to move. Unlike the First-Nine, the Second-Nine lies within the Thunder trigram (the Second-Nine, Third-Nine, and Fourth-Six), and Thunder represents the eldest son, unlike the young woman. In ancient society, women were expected not to leave the main gate or enter the inner gate, while men were expected to go out actively, venture into the world, and shoulder family and social responsibilities. The eldest son of the household bore especially great responsibility. Yet this eldest son, the Second-Nine, occupies a yielding position and bends submissively before the difficulties of Water, lowering his head to hardship. He remains at home when he should advance, and neither goes out nor proceeds; thus he becomes disconnected from society and encounters danger.
The Image Commentary analyzes this line: “Do not leave the gate of the household”—this means missing the appropriate, balanced time.
Those who receive this line should break out of the current situation of staying at home all day. Go out, meet different friends, broaden your experience, and do what you ought to do. If you shut yourself indoors all day and isolate yourself from the world, you will lose many important opportunities, which will be highly unfavorable to you.
Second Nine: Do not leave the gate of the household; misfortune.
The Image says: “Do not leave the gate of the household”—this means missing the proper time to the utmost.
The meaning of the classic text is: Not leaving the house is dangerous.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: Not leaving the house means that one has missed the right time completely.
Detailed explanation of the Third-Six line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Six in the third place line statement
Six in the third place: If there is no restraint, there will be lamentation; no blame.
The Image says: “The lamentation of lacking restraint”—who else could be blamed?
Explanation in plain language
Third Six: If one is not frugal, one becomes impoverished; when impoverished, one recognizes and regrets one’s errors, and then disaster can be avoided.
The Image Commentary says: Extravagance brought regret; whose fault is that?
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Ordinary: Those who receive this line will work hard and gain little.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Gain followed by loss; sighing helplessly.
Wealth: Not knowing how to preserve wealth; the blame is self-inflicted.
Home: Wealth first, poverty later; joy first, sorrow later.
Health: Illness caused by an undisciplined diet.
Six in the third place changing hexagram
When the Third-Six line changes, it becomes hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi: Water over Heaven, Waiting. This is a pair of different trigrams, with Heaven below and Water above. The lower trigram Heaven means strength and vigor; the upper trigram Water means danger and entrapment. When strength encounters danger, one should proceed steadily and carefully, not act rashly, observe the time and await change; whatever one undertakes will surely succeed.
The philosophical meaning of the line of Nine in the third place
The third line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Third Six: “If there is no restraint, there will be lamentation; no blame.” Explanation of the line statement
The meaning of this line statement is: One should have exercised restraint but did not; afterward one laments and regrets deeply, yet there is no calamity.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Third-Six is a yin line in a firm position, neither properly placed nor central. Its conduct is incorrect; because it fails to exercise restraint, it bears blame for neglecting its duty. Yet it notices this in time and has the will to correct its faults and pursue goodness, so there is no blame. The Image Commentary explains: “The lamentation of lacking restraint—who else could be blamed?” It points out: “One should have exercised restraint but did not, and afterward laments and regrets deeply”—in such a case, who can still criticize them? Those who receive this line should be careful to restrain their words and actions. If you cannot recognize your shortcomings or listen to others’ advice, you can only regret it afterward. Although no one may blame you, this is still not beneficial to you.
Third Six: If there is no restraint, there will be lamentation; no blame.
The Image says: “The lamentation of lacking restraint”—who else could be blamed?
The meaning of the classic text is: If one does not restrain oneself, one will lament and grieve; there is no disaster. The meaning of the Image Commentary is: Since one’s own lack of restraint caused the grief, whom else could one blame?
Detailed explanation of the Fourth-Nine line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Six in the fourth place line statement
Six in the fourth place: Peaceful limitation, success.
The Image says: The success of peaceful limitation comes from following the way of those above.
Explanation in plain language
Fourth Six: Being content with a frugal life that observes ritual propriety; success.
The Image Commentary says: The reason that being content with a frugal, ritual observant life is auspicious is that it follows the ruler’s intention.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good fortune: Those who receive this line act impartially and observe the law, remain content with the correct path, and can gain benefits. Officials will earn their superiors’ appreciation and have prospects for promotion.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Peace is a blessing; obey orders and act accordingly.
Wealth: Live securely away from home and practice frugality in everything.
Home: Peace and no trouble; husband and wife get along smoothly.
Health: Illness enters through the mouth.
Six in the fourth place changing hexagram
When the Fourth-Six line changes, it becomes hexagram 58 of the Zhouyi: Lake doubled, Lake. This is a repeated pair of the same trigram, with Lake below and Lake above. Lake represents water; two lakes connect, two bodies of water exchange, and above and below harmonize. Unity and mutual assistance bring joy. Dui means joy. Holding the virtue of strength while outwardly embracing gentleness, one firmly follows the right path and guides the people upward.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fourth place line
The fourth line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Fourth Six: “Peaceful limitation, success.” Explanation of the line statement
The meaning of this line statement is: Practicing restraint peacefully brings success.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Fourth-Six is a yin line in a yielding position, properly placed and correct. Above it is the Ninth-Five, with which it has a close relationship; below it corresponds correctly with the First-Nine, so relations above and below are harmonious. It follows the ruler above, accepts the supervision of worthy people below, and uses this as motivation to restrain itself; therefore it can succeed.
The Image Commentary explains this line: “The success of peaceful limitation comes from following the way of those above.” It points out that “practicing restraint peacefully brings success,” showing careful observance of the way of yielding and honoring those above.
Those who receive this line can exercise restraint in every area and are genuinely willing to do so, with a good sense of measure. Thus they can achieve success in all areas.
Fourth Six: Peaceful limitation, success.
The Image says: The success of peaceful limitation comes from following the way of those above.
The meaning of the classic text is: Being content with restraint brings success.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: The success of being content with restraint comes from following the heavenly way of the Ninth-Five.
Detailed explanation of the Fifth-Nine line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Fifth Nine line
Nine in the fifth place: Sweet limitation, good fortune; going forward brings honor.
The Image says: The good fortune of sweet limitation comes from occupying the central position.
Explanation in plain language
Fifth Nine: Taking pleasure in frugality and observing ritual propriety is auspicious. Acting accordingly, wherever one goes one will receive assistance from others.
The Image Commentary says: The reason that taking pleasure in frugality and observing ritual propriety is auspicious is that the Ninth-Five occupies the proper position, like a person who dwells in virtue and practices righteousness, naturally receiving assistance from others.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good fortune: Those who receive this line are in a favorable period and their plans will succeed.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Hardship ends and sweetness begins; fame and achievement will surely become prominent.
Wealth: Transport rice to another region for sale; profits will certainly be abundant.
Home: Upright and frugal; a harmonious marriage lasting a hundred years.
Health: Dietary restraint can cure the illness.
Transformation of the Fifth Nine line
When the Fifth-Nine line changes, it becomes hexagram 19 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Lake, Approach. This is a pair of different trigrams, with Lake below and Earth above. Earth is higher than the lake, and the lake is contained by the earth. It symbolizes the ruler personally approaching the realm, governing the nation and securing peace, with harmony between above and below.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fifth place line
The fifth line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Fifth Nine: “Sweet limitation, good fortune; going forward brings honor.” Explanation of the line statement
Sweet limitation: willingly exercising restraint.
The meaning of this line statement is: Being willing to exercise restraint brings good fortune; moving forward will certainly earn praise.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Fifth-Nine is a yang line in the ruler’s position, maintaining the center and correctness. It handles matters with a sense of proportion, neither biased nor excessive. As ruler, it is also willing to do this, setting an example for subjects, gaining the people’s support, and attracting more worthy people to assist it.
The Image Commentary explains this line: “The good fortune of sweet limitation comes from occupying the central position.” It points out that “being willing to exercise restraint brings good fortune” because one occupies a central and correct position.
Those who receive this line may be a leader of an organization or a parent. You should exercise restraint in every area and thereby set an example for subordinates or children; you will earn their respect.
Fifth Nine: Sweet limitation, good fortune; going forward brings honor.
The Image says: The good fortune of sweet limitation comes from occupying the central position.
The meaning of the classic text is: Treating a frugal life as sweet is auspicious; going forward brings respect.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: The good fortune of treating a frugal life as sweet comes from the Ninth-Five occupying the central and proper position.
Detailed explanation of the Top-Six line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Upper Six line statement
Top Six: Bitter limitation; perseverance brings misfortune. Regret disappears.
The Image says: Bitter limitation and perseverance bringing misfortune—its way is exhausted.
Explanation in plain language
Top Six: Taking frugality and ritual observance as bitter, divination brings an ominous sign; the person will regret the decline of the household.
The Image Commentary says: Taking frugality and ritual observance as bitter and receiving an ominous sign is like the yin line of the Top-Six hanging alone at the end of the hexagram, as a person entering a destitute and blocked condition.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Misfortune: Those who receive this line lack the support of the times and gain neither fame nor wealth. Officials who do not know how to adapt have bleak prospects.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Not knowing how to adapt; poverty for a lifetime.
Wealth: Missing a good opportunity; complaining will be useless.
Home: Open-mindedness is advisable; stubbornness makes things difficult.
Health: The illness is at a critical stage.
Upper Six changing hexagram
When the Top-Six line changes, it becomes hexagram 61 of the Zhouyi: Wind over Lake, Inner Truth. This is a pair of different trigrams, with Lake below and Wind above. The original meaning of fu is incubation; the time for an egg to hatch is very precise, giving it the meaning of trust. The outer form is solid and the interior empty, symbolizing sincerity within the heart, hence the name Inner Truth. This is the foundation for establishing oneself and conducting oneself in the world.
Philosophical meaning of the Upper Nine line
The sixth line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Top Six: “Bitter limitation; perseverance brings misfortune, regret disappears.” Explanation of the line statement
The meaning of this line statement is: Excessive restraint becomes bitter; if one persists without changing, danger will occur. If one regrets excessive restraint, the danger may disappear.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Top-Six is a yin line in a yielding position, properly placed and correct. Yet it occupies the highest position of the Limitation hexagram and is not central, so it cannot maintain balance. It has the image of going beyond the middle way into extreme restraint: intensifying restraint bitterly without knowing when to loosen, recognizing blockage but not knowing how to open the way.
The Image Commentary analyzes this line: “Bitter limitation and perseverance bring misfortune”—its way is exhausted. It points out: “Excessive restraint becomes bitter and brings danger” because excessive restraint inevitably leads to a dead end.
Those who receive this line have already begun to exercise restraint excessively. For example, although frugality is a virtue, eating poorly and dressing badly in order to save money is excessive restraint. Do not over-restrain yourself. If you bind yourself too tightly, live like an ascetic, and cannot act freely in your career, it will be harmful. Your urgent task is to find a middle point between self-indulgence and self-restraint, because excessive restraint does not work, whether toward yourself or others.
Top Six: Bitter limitation; perseverance brings misfortune, regret disappears.
The Image says: Bitter limitation and perseverance bringing misfortune—its way is exhausted.
The meaning of the classic text is: Excessively bitter restraint makes adherence to the correct path dangerous, but there is no regret.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: The danger of excessive restraint comes from reaching a dead end.
Statement of the First Nine line
Nine in the first place: Do not leave the courtyard gate; no blame.
The Image says: “Do not leave the courtyard gate”—this means knowing when the way is open and when it is blocked.
Explanation in plain language
First Nine: If divination yields this line, close the doors and do not go out; there will be no disaster.
The Image Commentary says: Close the doors and do not go out because the person knows that the path ahead will not be open.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Ordinary: Those who receive this line will find advancement unfavorable and should preserve the old ways.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Cultivate yourself behind closed doors; peace is a blessing.
Wealth: Unfavorable for traveling merchants; opening a shop is possible.
Home: You can live peacefully at home; husband and wife are well matched.
Health: Rest and recuperate at home.
Transformation of the First Nine line
When the First-Nine line changes, it becomes hexagram 29 of the Zhouyi: Water doubled, Water. This hexagram consists of the same trigram repeated, with Water below and Water above. Water represents danger; two Waters multiply danger upon danger, with obstacles everywhere. One yang is trapped between two yin lines. Fortunately, the yin is insubstantial and the yang substantial, so sincerity can open a clear passage. Though dangers are repeated, they can reveal the brilliance of human nature.
Philosophical meaning of the First Nine line
The first line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: First Nine: “Do not leave the courtyard gate; no blame.” Explanation of the line statement
Courtyard gate: the entrance and exit in the wall enclosing a household courtyard.
The meaning of this line statement is: Do not step beyond the courtyard; there is no harm.
In terms of the hexagram image, the First-Nine is a yang line in a firm position, suggesting an active, restless nature. But it is at the beginning of the Dui trigram, which symbolizes a young woman. In ancient times, well-bred women were expected not to leave the main gate or cross the inner gate; they restrained their movements to show cultivation. If they went out often and did not know how to restrain themselves, their reputation would suffer. In the overall hexagram, the First-Nine is active, but it is opposed by the Ninth-Two above, which blocks it. Its upward movement is therefore obstructed, so it is best to stay at home.
The Image Commentary analyzes this line: “Do not leave the courtyard gate”—this means knowing that when the way is open one should proceed, and when it is blocked one should stop.
Those who receive this line should not go out recently; it is best to stay at home. Although this conflicts with your active nature, you must restrain yourself. Live quietly and accept solitude; as long as you do not go out, there will be no disaster.
First Nine: Do not leave the courtyard gate; no blame.
The Image says: “Do not leave the courtyard gate”—this means knowing when the way is open and when it is blocked.
The meaning of the classic text is: Do not leave the house; there is no disaster.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: Not leaving the house is because one understands the laws of timing concerning blockage and openness.
Detailed explanation of the Second-Nine line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Second Nine line
Nine in the second place: Do not leave the gate of the household; misfortune.
The Image says: “Do not leave the gate of the household”—this means missing the proper time to the utmost.
Explanation in plain language
Second Nine: If divination yields this line, closing the doors and not going out also brings danger.
The Image Commentary says: Closing the doors and not going out is still dangerous because one has missed a good opportunity, and the error has become extreme.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Misfortune: Those who receive this line have poor fortune and many matters go awry; movement is favorable, stillness unfavorable. Officials will not find the times favorable.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Hesitation and following old habits cause self-inflicted error and missed opportunities.
Wealth: Missing the opportunity means losing money instead of earning it.
Home: No one is at home; resentment and loneliness are hard to avoid.
Health: Walking is difficult.
Transformation of the Second Nine line
When the Second-Nine line changes, it becomes hexagram 3 of the Zhouyi: Water over Thunder, Difficulty at the Beginning. This is a pair of different trigrams, with Thunder below and Water above. Thunder symbolizes movement; Water symbolizes danger. Thunder and rain come together, producing danger everywhere in a harsh environment. “Difficulty at the Beginning” originally refers to plants sprouting from the earth; all things begin amid hardship and danger, yet by following the time and responding to circumstances, they will surely flourish.
Philosophical meaning of the First Nine line
The second line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Second Nine: “Do not leave the gate of the household; misfortune.” Explanation of the line statement
The meaning of this line statement is: Excessive restraint that prevents one from crossing the household gate brings danger.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Second-Nine is a yang line in a yielding position, yet it is also active and eager to move. Unlike the First-Nine, the Second-Nine lies within the Thunder trigram (the Second-Nine, Third-Nine, and Fourth-Six), and Thunder represents the eldest son, unlike the young woman. In ancient society, women were expected not to leave the main gate or enter the inner gate, while men were expected to go out actively, venture into the world, and shoulder family and social responsibilities. The eldest son of the household bore especially great responsibility. Yet this eldest son, the Second-Nine, occupies a yielding position and bends submissively before the difficulties of Water, lowering his head to hardship. He remains at home when he should advance, and neither goes out nor proceeds; thus he becomes disconnected from society and encounters danger.
The Image Commentary analyzes this line: “Do not leave the gate of the household”—this means missing the appropriate, balanced time.
Those who receive this line should break out of the current situation of staying at home all day. Go out, meet different friends, broaden your experience, and do what you ought to do. If you shut yourself indoors all day and isolate yourself from the world, you will lose many important opportunities, which will be highly unfavorable to you.
Second Nine: Do not leave the gate of the household; misfortune.
The Image says: “Do not leave the gate of the household”—this means missing the proper time to the utmost.
The meaning of the classic text is: Not leaving the house is dangerous.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: Not leaving the house means that one has missed the right time completely.
Detailed explanation of the Third-Six line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Six in the third place line statement
Six in the third place: If there is no restraint, there will be lamentation; no blame.
The Image says: “The lamentation of lacking restraint”—who else could be blamed?
Explanation in plain language
Third Six: If one is not frugal, one becomes impoverished; when impoverished, one recognizes and regrets one’s errors, and then disaster can be avoided.
The Image Commentary says: Extravagance brought regret; whose fault is that?
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Ordinary: Those who receive this line will work hard and gain little.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Gain followed by loss; sighing helplessly.
Wealth: Not knowing how to preserve wealth; the blame is self-inflicted.
Home: Wealth first, poverty later; joy first, sorrow later.
Health: Illness caused by an undisciplined diet.
Six in the third place changing hexagram
When the Third-Six line changes, it becomes hexagram 5 of the Zhouyi: Water over Heaven, Waiting. This is a pair of different trigrams, with Heaven below and Water above. The lower trigram Heaven means strength and vigor; the upper trigram Water means danger and entrapment. When strength encounters danger, one should proceed steadily and carefully, not act rashly, observe the time and await change; whatever one undertakes will surely succeed.
The philosophical meaning of the line of Nine in the third place
The third line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Third Six: “If there is no restraint, there will be lamentation; no blame.” Explanation of the line statement
The meaning of this line statement is: One should have exercised restraint but did not; afterward one laments and regrets deeply, yet there is no calamity.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Third-Six is a yin line in a firm position, neither properly placed nor central. Its conduct is incorrect; because it fails to exercise restraint, it bears blame for neglecting its duty. Yet it notices this in time and has the will to correct its faults and pursue goodness, so there is no blame. The Image Commentary explains: “The lamentation of lacking restraint—who else could be blamed?” It points out: “One should have exercised restraint but did not, and afterward laments and regrets deeply”—in such a case, who can still criticize them? Those who receive this line should be careful to restrain their words and actions. If you cannot recognize your shortcomings or listen to others’ advice, you can only regret it afterward. Although no one may blame you, this is still not beneficial to you.
Third Six: If there is no restraint, there will be lamentation; no blame.
The Image says: “The lamentation of lacking restraint”—who else could be blamed?
The meaning of the classic text is: If one does not restrain oneself, one will lament and grieve; there is no disaster. The meaning of the Image Commentary is: Since one’s own lack of restraint caused the grief, whom else could one blame?
Detailed explanation of the Fourth-Nine line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Six in the fourth place line statement
Six in the fourth place: Peaceful limitation, success.
The Image says: The success of peaceful limitation comes from following the way of those above.
Explanation in plain language
Fourth Six: Being content with a frugal life that observes ritual propriety; success.
The Image Commentary says: The reason that being content with a frugal, ritual observant life is auspicious is that it follows the ruler’s intention.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good fortune: Those who receive this line act impartially and observe the law, remain content with the correct path, and can gain benefits. Officials will earn their superiors’ appreciation and have prospects for promotion.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Peace is a blessing; obey orders and act accordingly.
Wealth: Live securely away from home and practice frugality in everything.
Home: Peace and no trouble; husband and wife get along smoothly.
Health: Illness enters through the mouth.
Six in the fourth place changing hexagram
When the Fourth-Six line changes, it becomes hexagram 58 of the Zhouyi: Lake doubled, Lake. This is a repeated pair of the same trigram, with Lake below and Lake above. Lake represents water; two lakes connect, two bodies of water exchange, and above and below harmonize. Unity and mutual assistance bring joy. Dui means joy. Holding the virtue of strength while outwardly embracing gentleness, one firmly follows the right path and guides the people upward.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fourth place line
The fourth line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Fourth Six: “Peaceful limitation, success.” Explanation of the line statement
The meaning of this line statement is: Practicing restraint peacefully brings success.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Fourth-Six is a yin line in a yielding position, properly placed and correct. Above it is the Ninth-Five, with which it has a close relationship; below it corresponds correctly with the First-Nine, so relations above and below are harmonious. It follows the ruler above, accepts the supervision of worthy people below, and uses this as motivation to restrain itself; therefore it can succeed.
The Image Commentary explains this line: “The success of peaceful limitation comes from following the way of those above.” It points out that “practicing restraint peacefully brings success,” showing careful observance of the way of yielding and honoring those above.
Those who receive this line can exercise restraint in every area and are genuinely willing to do so, with a good sense of measure. Thus they can achieve success in all areas.
Fourth Six: Peaceful limitation, success.
The Image says: The success of peaceful limitation comes from following the way of those above.
The meaning of the classic text is: Being content with restraint brings success.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: The success of being content with restraint comes from following the heavenly way of the Ninth-Five.
Detailed explanation of the Fifth-Nine line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Statement of the Fifth Nine line
Nine in the fifth place: Sweet limitation, good fortune; going forward brings honor.
The Image says: The good fortune of sweet limitation comes from occupying the central position.
Explanation in plain language
Fifth Nine: Taking pleasure in frugality and observing ritual propriety is auspicious. Acting accordingly, wherever one goes one will receive assistance from others.
The Image Commentary says: The reason that taking pleasure in frugality and observing ritual propriety is auspicious is that the Ninth-Five occupies the proper position, like a person who dwells in virtue and practices righteousness, naturally receiving assistance from others.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Good fortune: Those who receive this line are in a favorable period and their plans will succeed.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Hardship ends and sweetness begins; fame and achievement will surely become prominent.
Wealth: Transport rice to another region for sale; profits will certainly be abundant.
Home: Upright and frugal; a harmonious marriage lasting a hundred years.
Health: Dietary restraint can cure the illness.
Transformation of the Fifth Nine line
When the Fifth-Nine line changes, it becomes hexagram 19 of the Zhouyi: Earth over Lake, Approach. This is a pair of different trigrams, with Lake below and Earth above. Earth is higher than the lake, and the lake is contained by the earth. It symbolizes the ruler personally approaching the realm, governing the nation and securing peace, with harmony between above and below.
Philosophical meaning of the Nine in the fifth place line
The fifth line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Fifth Nine: “Sweet limitation, good fortune; going forward brings honor.” Explanation of the line statement
Sweet limitation: willingly exercising restraint.
The meaning of this line statement is: Being willing to exercise restraint brings good fortune; moving forward will certainly earn praise.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Fifth-Nine is a yang line in the ruler’s position, maintaining the center and correctness. It handles matters with a sense of proportion, neither biased nor excessive. As ruler, it is also willing to do this, setting an example for subjects, gaining the people’s support, and attracting more worthy people to assist it.
The Image Commentary explains this line: “The good fortune of sweet limitation comes from occupying the central position.” It points out that “being willing to exercise restraint brings good fortune” because one occupies a central and correct position.
Those who receive this line may be a leader of an organization or a parent. You should exercise restraint in every area and thereby set an example for subordinates or children; you will earn their respect.
Fifth Nine: Sweet limitation, good fortune; going forward brings honor.
The Image says: The good fortune of sweet limitation comes from occupying the central position.
The meaning of the classic text is: Treating a frugal life as sweet is auspicious; going forward brings respect.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: The good fortune of treating a frugal life as sweet comes from the Ninth-Five occupying the central and proper position.
Detailed explanation of the Top-Six line of the 60th hexagram of the Zhouyi
Upper Six line statement
Top Six: Bitter limitation; perseverance brings misfortune. Regret disappears.
The Image says: Bitter limitation and perseverance bringing misfortune—its way is exhausted.
Explanation in plain language
Top Six: Taking frugality and ritual observance as bitter, divination brings an ominous sign; the person will regret the decline of the household.
The Image Commentary says: Taking frugality and ritual observance as bitter and receiving an ominous sign is like the yin line of the Top-Six hanging alone at the end of the hexagram, as a person entering a destitute and blocked condition.
Explanation by Shao Yong, a Northern Song scholar of the Changes
Misfortune: Those who receive this line lack the support of the times and gain neither fame nor wealth. Officials who do not know how to adapt have bleak prospects.
Interpretation by Fu Peirong, a Taiwanese master of traditional Chinese learning
Timing and fortune: Not knowing how to adapt; poverty for a lifetime.
Wealth: Missing a good opportunity; complaining will be useless.
Home: Open-mindedness is advisable; stubbornness makes things difficult.
Health: The illness is at a critical stage.
Upper Six changing hexagram
When the Top-Six line changes, it becomes hexagram 61 of the Zhouyi: Wind over Lake, Inner Truth. This is a pair of different trigrams, with Lake below and Wind above. The original meaning of fu is incubation; the time for an egg to hatch is very precise, giving it the meaning of trust. The outer form is solid and the interior empty, symbolizing sincerity within the heart, hence the name Inner Truth. This is the foundation for establishing oneself and conducting oneself in the world.
Philosophical meaning of the Upper Nine line
The sixth line of the Limitation hexagram, line statement: Top Six: “Bitter limitation; perseverance brings misfortune, regret disappears.” Explanation of the line statement
The meaning of this line statement is: Excessive restraint becomes bitter; if one persists without changing, danger will occur. If one regrets excessive restraint, the danger may disappear.
In terms of the hexagram image, the Top-Six is a yin line in a yielding position, properly placed and correct. Yet it occupies the highest position of the Limitation hexagram and is not central, so it cannot maintain balance. It has the image of going beyond the middle way into extreme restraint: intensifying restraint bitterly without knowing when to loosen, recognizing blockage but not knowing how to open the way.
The Image Commentary analyzes this line: “Bitter limitation and perseverance bring misfortune”—its way is exhausted. It points out: “Excessive restraint becomes bitter and brings danger” because excessive restraint inevitably leads to a dead end.
Those who receive this line have already begun to exercise restraint excessively. For example, although frugality is a virtue, eating poorly and dressing badly in order to save money is excessive restraint. Do not over-restrain yourself. If you bind yourself too tightly, live like an ascetic, and cannot act freely in your career, it will be harmful. Your urgent task is to find a middle point between self-indulgence and self-restraint, because excessive restraint does not work, whether toward yourself or others.
Top Six: Bitter limitation; perseverance brings misfortune, regret disappears.
The Image says: Bitter limitation and perseverance bringing misfortune—its way is exhausted.
The meaning of the classic text is: Excessively bitter restraint makes adherence to the correct path dangerous, but there is no regret.
The meaning of the Image Commentary is: The danger of excessive restraint comes from reaching a dead end.